Crosstalk Between Astrocytes and Microglia: An Overview

Abstract

Based on discoveries enabled by new technologies and analysis using novel computational tools, neuroscience can be re-conceived in terms of information exchange in dense networks of intercellular connections rather than in the context of individual populations, such as glia or neurons. Cross-talk between neurons and microglia or astrocytes has been addressed, however, the manner in which non-neuronal cells communicate and interact remains less well-understood. We review this intriguing crosstalk among CNS cells, focusing on astrocytes and microglia and how it contributes to brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. The goal of studying these intercellular communications is to promote our ability to combat incurable neurological disorders.

Keywords: CNS; astrocytes; glia; microglia; neurodegeneration; neurological disorders; neurons.

Figure 1

Schematic overview of some interactions among astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Molecules participating in cross-talk and their cellular sources are shown in the same colors. Functions are results of these interactions are depicted in black capital letters next to the cell types where the particular process take place. Purple color reflects multiple sources. AMPAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors; APOE, apolipoprotein E; BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor; DAP12, DNAX activation protein of 12 kDa; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; GMCSF, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; lba-1, ionized calcium binding adaptor protein 1; IGF-1, insulin- like growth factor-1; MCSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; NGF, nerve growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; RAGE, advanced glycation end products; SIGLEC, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins; SIRPa, signal regulatory protein; SHP2, SH2-domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2; SPARC, secreted protein, acidic and rich in Cysteine; TREM, triggering receptors expressed on myeloid Cells; Trk, neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinase; TSP1,2, Thrombospondin1,2; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.