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. 2021 Apr;89(2):288-304.
doi: 10.1111/jopy.12582. Epub 2020 Aug 30.

International optimism: Correlates and consequences of dispositional optimism across 61 countries

Erica Baranski  1 , Kate Sweeny  2 , Gwendolyn Gardiner  2 ; Members of the International Situations Project; David C Funder  2
Affiliations
Free article

International optimism: Correlates and consequences of dispositional optimism across 61 countries

Erica Baranski et al. J Pers. 2021 Apr.
Free article

Abstract

Objective: The current exploratory study sought to examine dispositional optimism, or the general expectation for positive outcomes, around the world.

Method: Dispositional optimism and possible correlates were assessed across 61 countries (N = 15,185; mean age = 21.92; 77% female). Mean-level differences in optimism were computed along with their relationships with individual and country-level variables.

Results: Worldwide, mean optimism levels were above the midpoint of the scale. Perhaps surprisingly, country-level optimism was negatively related to gross domestic product per capita, population density, and democratic norms and positively related to income inequality and perceived corruption. However, country-level optimism was positively related to projected economic improvement. Individual-level optimism was positively related to individual well-being within every country, although this relationship was less strong in countries with challenging economic and social circumstances.

Conclusions: While individuals around the world are generally optimistic, societal characteristics appear to affect the degree to which their optimism is associated with psychological well-being, sometimes in seemingly anomalous ways.

Keywords: cross-cultural; dispositional optimism; well-being.

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