Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Perimidines and their Applications

Abstract

Perimidines are versatile scaffolds and a fascinating class of N-heterocycles that have evolved significantly in recent years due to their immense applications in life sciences, medical sciences, and industrial chemistry. Their ability of molecular interaction with different proteins, complex formation with metals, and distinct behavior in various ranges of light makes them more appealing and challenging for future scientists. Various novel technologies have been developed for the selective synthesis of perimidines and their conjugated derivatives. These methods extend to the preparation of different bioactive and industrially applicable molecules. This review aims to present the most recent advancements in perimidine synthesis under varied conditions like MW radiation, ultrasound, and grinding using different catalysts such as ionic liquids, acid, metal, and nanocatalyst and also under green environments like catalyst and solvent-free synthesis. The applications of perimidine derivatives in drug discovery, polymer chemistry, photo sensors, dye industries, and catalytic activity in organic synthesis are discussed in this survey. This article is expected to be a systematic, authoritative, and critical review on the chemistry of perimidines that compiles most of the state-of-art innovation in this area.

Keywords: Biologic activity; Catalysis; N-heterocycles; Perimidines; Synthesis.

Scheme 1

Perimidine molecule and charge distribution

Scheme 2

Some synthesized biological active perimidines

Fig. 1

Application of perimidines in diverse areas

Scheme 3

General reaction for perimidine synthesis

Fig. 2

Various approaches of perimidine synthesis

Scheme 4

A possible mechanism for the synthesis of perimidine

Scheme 5

Acid-catalyzed perimidine synthesis in different conditions

Scheme 6

Metal-catalyzed perimidine synthesis under different conditions

Scheme 7

Perimidine synthesis from oxidative coupling and dehydrogenations

Scheme 8

Co-catalyzed hydrogenative synthesis of perimidines

Scheme 9

Nano-particle-catalyzed perimidine synthesis in different conditions

Scheme 10

Perimidine synthesis using different techniques

Scheme 11

MW-assisted perimidine synthesis in different conditions

Scheme 12

Catalyst-free perimidine synthesis in different conditions

Scheme 13

Some synthesized biologically active perimidine scaffold

Scheme 14

Some synthesized biologically active perimidine scaffolds

Scheme 15

Some complex molecules derived from perimidine

Scheme 16

Synthesis of visible light-sensitive perimidine

Scheme 17

Synthesis of visible light-sensitive perimidine

Scheme 18

Site- and regioselective reaction of hydrazonoyl chlorides with perimidine ketene aminal derivative

Scheme 19

Synthesis of 2-(5-substituted-pyridazine-3,6-dion-4-yl)perimidine derivatives

Scheme 20

Chemoselective reactions of hydrazonoyl halides with ethyl 2(3H)-peridinylideneacetate

Scheme 21

Two tautomeric forms of pyrrolo[1,2-a]perimidin-10-ones

Scheme 22

Copper-catalyzed chemoselective synthesis of 13-aminoisoauinolino [2,1-a]perimidine-12-carboxylate

Scheme 23

Multifarious applicable synthesized perimidine molecules