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. 2020 Aug 7;13(16):3496.
doi: 10.3390/ma13163496.

The Influence of the Hybridization Process on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyoxymethylene (POM) Composites with the Use of a Novel Sustainable Reinforcing System Based on Biocarbon and Basalt Fiber (BC/BF)

Jacek Andrzejewski  1 , Bartosz Gapiński  2 , Aminul Islam  3 , Marek Szostak  1
Affiliations

The Influence of the Hybridization Process on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyoxymethylene (POM) Composites with the Use of a Novel Sustainable Reinforcing System Based on Biocarbon and Basalt Fiber (BC/BF)

Jacek Andrzejewski et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

The presented work focuses on the assessment of the material performance of polyoxymethylene (POM)-based composites reinforced with the use of a biocarbon/basalt fiber system (BC/BF). The use of BC particles was aimed at eliminating mineral fillers (chalk, talc) by using fully biobased material, while basalt fibers can be considered an alternative to glass fibers (GF). All materials were prepared with the same 20% filler content, the differences concerned the (BC/BF) % ratio. Hybrid samples with (25/75), (50/50), and (75/25) ratios were prepared. Additionally, reference samples were also prepared (POM BC20% and POM BF20%.). Samples prepared by the injection molding technique were subjected to a detailed analysis of mechanical properties (static tensile and Charpy impact tests), thermomechanical characteristics (dynamic mechanical thermal analysis-DMTA, heat deflection temperature - HDT), and thermal and rheological properties (DSC, rotational rheometer tests). In order to assess fiber distribution within the material structure, the samples were scanned by a microtomography method (μCT). The addition of even a significant amount of BC particles did not cause excessive material brittleness, while the elongation and impact strength of all hybrid samples were very similar to the reference POM BF20% sample. The tensile modulus and strength values appear to be strictly dependent on the increasing BF fiber content. Thermomechanical analysis (DMTA, HDT) showed very similar heat resistance for all hybrid samples; the results did not differ from the values for the POM BF20 sample.

Keywords: basalt fiber (BF); biocarbon (BC); hybrid composite; mechanical performance; structure orientation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Biocarbon particles (A) before and (B) after the ball milling procedure (24 h).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The results of the mechanical tests of the prepared composites: (A) tensile modulus; (B) tensile strength; (C) elongation at break; (D) notched Charpy impact strength.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The analysis of reinforcing efficiency: (A) role of mixture (ROM) fitting for hybrid composites; (B) Ashby plot presenting the comparison of commercial-grade composites and obtained materials.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The comparison of the storage modulus (A) and tan δ (B) plots for different types of POM-based composites.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The results of DSC analysis in the form of thermograms. (A) 1st heating stage and (B) cooling stage signals.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The results of rheological analysis performed using the rotational rheometer: (A) G′ plots from amplitude sweep tests; (B) complex viscosity η*; (C) loss modulus G′′, and (D) storage modulus G′.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The results of thermogravimetric analysis of POM-based composites. (A) TG thermograms and (B) DTG thermograms.
Figure 8
Figure 8
SEM images presenting the fractured surface obtained after the impact test. (A) POM BC20%; (B) POM BF20%; (C) POM (75/25); (D) POM (50/50); (E) POM (25/75).
Figure 9
Figure 9
(A) The methodology of the μCT measurements, (B) homogenous structure of the POM BC20 samples.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Orientation analysis of composite samples. Cross-section images from μCT measurements for: (A) reference POM BF20% sample; (B) POM(25/75); (C) POM(50/50), and (D) POM(75/25) composites.
Figure 11
Figure 11
The comparison of the fiber orientation histograms of hybrid BC/BF composites: (A) for thick 4 mm samples, (B) for thin 2 mm samples. Separate histograms show the results for reference POM BF20% samples.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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