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. 2020 Aug 14;21(1):344.
doi: 10.1186/s12882-020-01966-8.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its associated factors in Malaysia; findings from a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study

Thamil Arasu Saminathan  1 , Lai Seong Hooi  2 , Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff  3 , Loke Meng Ong  4 , Sunita Bavanandan  5 , Wan Shakira Rodzlan Hasani  3 , Esther Zhao Zhi Tan  6 , Irene Wong  7 , Halizah Mat Rifin  3 , Tania Gayle Robert  3 , Hasimah Ismail  3 , Norazizah Ibrahim Wong  3 , Ghazali Ahmad  5 , Rashidah Ambak  3 , Fatimah Othman  3 , Hamizatul Akmal Abd Hamid  3 , Tahir Aris  3
Affiliations

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its associated factors in Malaysia; findings from a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study

Thamil Arasu Saminathan et al. BMC Nephrol. .

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Malaysia was 9.07% in 2011. We aim to determine the current CKD prevalence in Malaysia and its associated risk factors.

Methods: A population-based study was conducted on a total of 890 respondents who were representative of the adult population in Malaysia, i.e., aged ≥18 years old. Respondents were randomly selected using a stratified cluster method. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated from calibrated serum creatinine using the CKD-EPI equation. CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 or the presence of persistent albuminuria if eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73m2.

Results: Our study shows that the prevalence of CKD in Malaysia was 15.48% (95% CI: 12.30, 19.31) in 2018, an increase compared to the year 2011 when the prevalence of CKD was 9.07%. An estimated 3.85% had stage 1 CKD, 4.82% had stage 2 CKD, and 6.48% had stage 3 CKD, while 0.33% had stage 4-5 CKD. Hypertension (aOR 3.72), diabetes mellitus (aOR 3.32), increasing BMI (aOR 1.06), and increasing age (aOR 1.06) were significantly associated with CKD.

Conclusion: Our study has shown that CKD has become one of the leading public health issues in Malaysia. Thus, there is an urgent need to screen for CKD and prevent its progression, associated morbidity, and mortality at the national level.

Keywords: Adults; Associated factors; Chronic kidney disease; Malaysia; Prevalence.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Distribution of selected Living Quarters for the study. (Fig. 1 was created by a Geographic System (GIS) expert from Institute for Public Health, Malaysia, using licensed ArcGIS® software, version 10.3. ArcGIS® and ArcMap™ are the intellectual property of Esri and are used herein under license. Copyright© Esri. All rights reserved. For more information about Esri® software, please visit www.esri.com)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flow chart of the respondents in the study
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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