Imaging evaluation of traumatic carpal instability

Abstract

Purpose: To review the epidemiology, pertinent wrist anatomy, classification system, and emergent imaging evaluation of carpal instability with a focus on radiographic assessment of instability.

Methods: A review of current literature on carpal instability was performed with summary presentation of carpal instability epidemiology, carpal anatomy, imaging evaluation, and classification with imaging evaluation focused on diagnosis in the emergency setting.

Results: Carpal instability is a common pathology in falls on outstretched hand and is likely underdiagnosed due to instability being occult or demonstrating subtle malalignment on static imaging of the wrist. While there is a complex network of intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments contributing to carpal instability, a detailed knowledge of these ligaments is not necessary for radiologists to make an accurate diagnosis in the emergency setting, as identification and classification of carpal instability is based on identification of carpal malalignment patterns on radiography as opposed to identification of specific ligament injuries on advanced imaging. The Mayo classification is the most widely used classification system, which divides carpal instability into four categories: dissociative, non-dissociative, complex, and adaptive. Understanding this classification system allows radiologists to successfully classify almost all carpal instability injuries they will encounter, even in the setting of unusual or rare instability patterns.

Conclusion: In working with the treating clinician, it is essential that the emergency radiologist is comfortable with identifying and classifying carpal instability. This will ensure prompt treatment of seemingly benign injuries and those that require intervention, surgical or otherwise, improving the likelihood of a good outcome.

Keywords: Carpal; Instability; Musculoskeletal; Trauma; Wrist.