Dyslipidemia

Excerpt

Lipids, such as cholesterol or triglycerides, are absorbed from the intestines and carried throughout the body via lipoproteins for energy, steroid production, or bile acid formation. Major contributors to these pathways are cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). An imbalance of any of these factors, either from organic or nonorganic causes, can lead to dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia results in abnormal levels of lipids (fats) in the blood, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Lipids include LDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. Dyslipidemia is classified into 2 types: primary and secondary. Primary dyslipidemia is inherited and caused by genetic mutations that affect lipid metabolism. Secondary dyslipidemia is acquired and caused by lifestyle factors or other medical conditions that alter lipid levels. The most common forms of dyslipidemia are:

1. LDL cholesterol is considered “bad” cholesterol because it can form plaques in the arteries and reduce blood flow.

2. HDL cholesterol is considered “good” cholesterol because it can help remove LDL from the blood and protect against atherosclerosis.

3. Triglycerides are stored in fat cells and released as energy when needed. High triglycerides can also contribute to plaque formation and inflammation in the arteries.

4. Total cholesterol is the sum of LDL, HDL, and half of the triglyceride level. High total cholesterol can indicate an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.

Dyslipidemia usually does not cause any symptoms, but it can be detected by a blood test measuring different lipids levels. The optimal lipid level varies depending on the individual’s age, sex, and other risk factors, but generally, the following ranges are recommended:

1. LDL cholesterol: less than 100 mg/dL

2. HDL cholesterol: more than 40 mg/dL for men and more than 50 mg/dL for women

3. Triglycerides: less than 150 mg/dL

4. Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL

The treatment of dyslipidemia depends on the type and severity of the condition and the presence of other risk factors, such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or smoking. The main goals of treatment are to lower LDL cholesterol, raise HDL cholesterol, and reduce triglycerides.

Preventing dyslipidemia is essential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications and improve the quality of life. The prevention strategies include:

1. Screening for dyslipidemia regularly, especially for people with a family history or other risk factors. The frequency and type of screening depend on the individual’s age, sex, and health status, but generally, a lipid profile test is recommended every 4 to 6 years for adults and every 2 years for children and adolescents.

2. Adopting a healthy lifestyle by eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, such as omega-3 fatty acids from fish, nuts, and seeds. Avoid foods high in cholesterol, saturated fats, trans fats, added sugars, and salt. If possible, engage in physical activity for at least 150 minutes weekly. Maintaining a healthy weight and body mass index, quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol intake are all recommended.

3. Comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease, or liver disease can affect lipid levels or increase the risk of cardiovascular disease; therefore, it is important to remain compliant with any medications.