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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Jul 14;8(8):CD013679.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013679.

Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving maternal, neonatal, and child health

Melissa J Palmer  1 , Nicholas Henschke  2 , Hanna Bergman  2 , Gemma Villanueva  2 , Nicola Maayan  3 , Tigest Tamrat  4 , Garrett L Mehl  4 , Claire Glenton  5 , Simon Lewin  5   6 , Marita S Fønhus  5 , Caroline Free  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving maternal, neonatal, and child health

Melissa J Palmer et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: The global burden of poor maternal, neonatal, and child health (MNCH) accounts for more than a quarter of healthy years of life lost worldwide. Targeted client communication (TCC) via mobile devices (MD) (TCCMD) may be a useful strategy to improve MNCH.

Objectives: To assess the effects of TCC via MD on health behaviour, service use, health, and well-being for MNCH.

Search methods: In July/August 2017, we searched five databases including The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE and Embase. We also searched two trial registries. A search update was carried out in July 2019 and potentially relevant studies are awaiting classification.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials that assessed TCC via MD to improve MNCH behaviour, service use, health, and well-being. Eligible comparators were usual care/no intervention, non-digital TCC, and digital non-targeted client communication.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures recommended by Cochrane, although data extraction and risk of bias assessments were carried out by one person only and cross-checked by a second.

Main results: We included 27 trials (17,463 participants). Trial populations were: pregnant and postpartum women (11 trials conducted in low-, middle- or high-income countries (LMHIC); pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV (three trials carried out in one lower middle-income country); and parents of children under the age of five years (13 trials conducted in LMHIC). Most interventions (18) were delivered via text messages alone, one was delivered through voice calls only, and the rest were delivered through combinations of different communication channels, such as multimedia messages and voice calls. Pregnant and postpartum women TCCMD versus standard care For behaviours, TCCMD may increase exclusive breastfeeding in settings where rates of exclusive breastfeeding are less common (risk ratio (RR) 1.30, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.06 to 1.59; low-certainty evidence), but have little or no effect in settings where almost all women breastfeed (low-certainty evidence). For use of health services, TCCMD may increase antenatal appointment attendance (odds ratio (OR) 1.54, 95% CI 0.80 to 2.96; low-certainty evidence); however, the CI encompasses both benefit and harm. The intervention may increase skilled attendants at birth in settings where a lack of skilled attendants at birth is common (though this differed by urban/rural residence), but may make no difference in settings where almost all women already have a skilled attendant at birth (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.34 to 2.94; low-certainty evidence). There were uncertain effects on maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity because the certainty of the evidence was assessed as very low. TCCMD versus non-digital TCC (e.g. pamphlets) TCCMD may have little or no effect on exclusive breastfeeding (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.07; low-certainty evidence). TCCMD may reduce 'any maternal health problem' (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.79) and 'any newborn health problem' (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.06) reported up to 10 days postpartum (low-certainty evidence), though the CI for the latter includes benefit and harm. The effect on health service use is unknown due to a lack of studies. TCCMD versus digital non-targeted communication No studies reported behavioural, health, or well-being outcomes for this comparison. For use of health services, there are uncertain effects for the presence of a skilled attendant at birth due to very low-certainty evidence, and the intervention may make little or no difference to attendance for antenatal influenza vaccination (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.58), though the CI encompasses both benefit and harm (low-certainty evidence). Pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV TCCMD versus standard care For behaviours, TCCMD may make little or no difference to maternal and infant adherence to antiretroviral (ARV) therapy (low-certainty evidence). For health service use, TCC mobile telephone reminders may increase use of antenatal care slightly (mean difference (MD) 1.5, 95% CI -0.36 to 3.36; low-certainty evidence). The effect on the proportion of births occurring in a health facility is uncertain due to very low-certainty evidence. For health and well-being outcomes, there was an uncertain intervention effect on neonatal death or stillbirth, and infant HIV due to very low-certainty evidence. No studies reported on maternal mortality or morbidity. TCCMD versus non-digital TCC The effect is unknown due to lack of studies reporting this comparison. TCCMD versus digital non-targeted communication TCCMD may increase infant ARV/prevention of mother-to-child transmission treatment adherence (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.48; low-certainty evidence). The effect on other outcomes is unknown due to lack of studies. Parents of children aged less than five years No studies reported on correct treatment, nutritional, or health outcomes. TCCMD versus standard care Based on 10 trials, TCCMD may modestly increase health service use (vaccinations and HIV care) (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.34; low-certainty evidence); however, the effect estimates varied widely between studies. TCCMD versus non-digital TCC TCCMD may increase attendance for vaccinations (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.28; low-certainty evidence), and may make little or no difference to oral hygiene practices (low-certainty evidence). TCCMD versus digital non-targeted communication TCCMD may reduce attendance for vaccinations, but the CI encompasses both benefit and harm (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.20; low-certainty evidence). No trials in any population reported data on unintended consequences.

Authors' conclusions: The effect of TCCMD for most outcomes is uncertain. There may be improvements for some outcomes using targeted communication but these findings were of low certainty. High-quality, adequately powered trials and cost-effectiveness analyses are required to reliably ascertain the effects and relative benefits of TCCMD. Future studies should measure potential unintended consequences, such as partner violence or breaches of confidentiality.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02412865 NCT02412956 NCT01610752 NCT03189004 NCT02567006 NCT03024606 NCT02904642 NCT02214849 NCT02781714 NCT02903186 NCT03180138 NCT01894126 NCT01775150 NCT03688217 NCT03612518 NCT03341195 NCT03576157 NCT02371213 NCT03023033 NCT03135288 NCT03332108 NCT03355989 NCT03379467 NCT03402646 NCT03516682 NCT03705455 NCT03797950 NCT03890978 NCT02491177 NCT02662595.

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Conflict of interest statement

MP: was contracted by the World Health Organization (WHO) to produce this review.

NH: is employed by Cochrane Response, an evidence services unit operated by Cochrane. The WHO contacted Cochrane Response to produce this review.

HB: is employed by Cochrane Response, an evidence services unit operated by Cochrane. The WHO contacted Cochrane Response to produce this review.

GV: is employed by Cochrane Response, an evidence services unit operated by Cochrane. The WHO contacted Cochrane Response to produce this review.

NM: previously worked for Enhanced Reviews Ltd, a company that conducts systematic reviews mostly for the public sector. NM is employed by Cochrane Response, an evidence services unit operated by Cochrane. The WHO contacted Cochrane Response to produce this review.

TT: none known.

GM: owns stock in Apple Computer.

CG: none known.

SL: is the Joint Co‐ordinating Editor for the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Review Group.

MF: none known.

CF: was contracted by the WHO to produce this review.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram. MNCH: maternal, neonatal, and child health; SRH: sexual and reproductive health.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 1: Health behaviour change – exclusive breastfeeding in short term (up to 3 months)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 2: Health behaviour change – receiving postpartum help with breastfeeding (3 months postpartum)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 3: Health behaviour change – taking iron and folate tablets during pregnancy
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 4: Health behaviour change – contraceptive use (3 months postpartum)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 5: Health behaviour change – smoked in the last 30 days
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 6: Health behaviour change – smoking cessation (objectively verified continuous abstinence) (36 weeks' gestation)
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 7: Health behaviour change – no alcohol consumption during pregnancy
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 8: Service utilisation – attendance at ≥ 4 antenatal care appointments
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 9: Service utilisation – attendance for antenatal vaccination
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 10: Service utilisation – attendance at antenatal preventive treatment for malaria
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 11: Service utilisation – skilled attendant at birth
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 12: Service utilisation – newborn postpartum care
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 13: Service utilisation – attendance for postpartum care appointment (mother) (10 days postpartum)
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 14: Service utilisation – attendance for newborn vaccination
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 15: Health status and well‐being – maternal mortality and morbidity
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 16: Health status and well‐being – maternal mortality and morbidity
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 17: Health status and well‐being – neonatal mortality and morbidity
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 18: Health status and well‐being – neonatal mortality and morbidity
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 19: Health status and well‐being – neonatal health
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 20: Health status and well‐being – preterm birth
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 21: Sensitivity analysis (cluster‐RCTs: health status and well‐being – preterm birth
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to non‐digital targeted client communication (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 1: Health behaviour change – exclusive breastfeeding (9 weeks postpartum)
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to non‐digital targeted client communication (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 2: Health behaviour change – contraceptive use (9 weeks postpartum)
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to non‐digital targeted client communication (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 3: Service utilisation – newborn postpartum care (10 days after delivery)
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to non‐digital targeted client communication (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 4: Service utilisation – attendance for newborn vaccination
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to non‐digital targeted client communication (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 5: Service utilisation – attendance for postpartum care appointment (mother) (10 days postpartum)
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to non‐digital targeted client communication (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 6: Health status and well‐being – maternal mortality and morbidity
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to non‐digital targeted client communication (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 7: Health status and well‐being – neonatal mortality and morbidity
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to digital non‐targeted client communication (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 1: Service utilisation – attendance for antenatal influenza vaccination
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to digital non‐targeted client communication (pregnant and postpartum women), Outcome 2: Service utilisation – birth at health facility
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant women with HIV), Outcome 1: Health behaviour change – mother taking any type of antiretroviral (ARV) (34–36 weeks' gestation)
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant women with HIV), Outcome 2: Health behaviour change – mother taking any type of ARV (6–8 weeks postpartum)
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant women with HIV), Outcome 3: Health behaviour change – infant ARV/prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission treatment adherence (6 weeks postpartum)
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant women with HIV), Outcome 4: Health behaviour change – infant HIV tested (6–8 weeks postpartum)
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant women with HIV), Outcome 5: Service utilisation – postnatal care: attendance at postpartum care appointment (6–8 weeks postpartum)
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant women with HIV), Outcome 6: Service utilisation – intrapartum care: birth in health facility
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant women with HIV), Outcome 7: Service utilisation – antenatal care: mean number of face‐to‐face or mobile communications with healthcare workers
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant women with HIV), Outcome 8: Health status and well‐being – neonatal health: neonatal death/stillbirth
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (pregnant women with HIV), Outcome 9: Health status and well‐being – neonatal health: infant HIV test positive (6–8 weeks postpartum)
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to digital non‐targeted client communication (pregnant women with HIV), Outcome 1: Health behaviour – infant antiretroviral/prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission adherence (6 weeks after delivery)
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to digital non‐targeted client communication (pregnant women with HIV), Outcome 2: Service utilisation – postnatal care: attendance at postpartum care appointment (10 weeks postpartum)
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (parents of children aged under five years), Outcome 1: Attendance for necessary healthcare
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (parents of children aged under five years), Outcome 2: Timeliness of vaccination
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to standard care (parents of children aged under five years), Outcome 3: Service utilisation – no emergency department attendance (6 months)
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to non‐digital targeted client communication (parents of children aged under five years), Outcome 1: Health behaviour change – oral health in children (Visible Plaque Index, [0–100%], low = good)
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to non‐digital targeted client communication (parents of children aged under five years), Outcome 2: Service utilisation – attendance for vaccinations at 14 weeks
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Digital targeted client communication (TCC) compared to digital non‐targeted client communication (parents of children aged under five years), Outcome 1: Service utilisation – attendance for vaccinations at 7 months
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

References to studies included in this review

Ahlers‐Schmidt 2012 {published data only}
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Bangure 2015 {published data only}
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Domek 2016 {published data only}
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Evans 2014 {published data only}
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Gibson 2017 {published data only}
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Haji 2016 {published data only}
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Hannan 2016 {published data only}
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Hofstetter 2015a {published data only}
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Jareethum 2008 {published data only}
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Joshi 2015 {published data only}
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Kamau‐Mbuthia 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kamau-Mbuthia E, Mbugua S, Webb G, Kalungu S, Sarange C, Lou W, et al. Cell phone based peer counseling to support exclusive breastfeeding is associated with more frequent help and decreased breastfeeding problems. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63:196-7.
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Kassaye 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kassaye SG, Ong'ech J, Sirengo M, Kose J, Matu L, McOdida P, et al. Cluster-randomized controlled study of SMS text messages for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in rural Kenya. AIDS Research & Treatment 2016;2016:1289328. - PMC - PubMed
Kebaya 2014 {published data only}
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Lund 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lund S, Hemed M, Nielsen BB, Said A, Said K, Makungu MH, et al. Mobile phones as a health communication tool to improve skilled attendance at delivery in Zanzibar: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2012;119(10):1256-64. - PubMed
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Maslowsky 2016 {published data only}
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McConnell 2016 {published data only}
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Moniz 2013 {published data only}
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Naughton 2017 {published data only}
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Odeny 2014 {published data only}
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Omole 2018 {published data only}
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Sharma 2011 {published data only}
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Stockwell 2015 {published data only}
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Yudin 2017 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

Atukunda 2017 {published data only}
    1. Atukunda EC, Musiimenta A, Musinguzi N, Wyatt MA, Ashaba J, Ware NC, et al. Understanding patterns of social support and their relationship to an ART adherence intervention among adults in rural Southwestern Uganda. AIDS and Behavior 2017;21(2):428-40. - PMC - PubMed
Bracken 2014 {published data only}
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Broberg 2013 {published data only}
    1. Broberg G, Jonasson JM, Ellis J, Gyrd-Hansen D, Anjemark B, Glantz A, et al. Increasing participation in cervical cancer screening: telephone contact with long-term non-attendees in Sweden. Results from RACOMIP, a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Cancer 2013;133(1):164-71. - PubMed
Carlsen 2013 {published data only}
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Collier 2005 {published data only}
    1. Collier AC, Ribaudo H, Mukherjee AL, Feinberg J, Fischl MA, Chesney M, et al. A randomized study of serial telephone call support to increase adherence and thereby improve virologic outcome in persons initiating antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005;192(8):1398-406. - PubMed
Gallegos 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gallegos D, Russell-Bennett R, Previte J, Parkinson J. Can a text message a week improve breastfeeding? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):374. - PMC - PubMed
Haberer 2016 {published data only}
    1. Haberer JE, Musiimenta A, Atukunda EC, Musinguzi N, Wyatt MA, Ware NC, et al. Short message service (SMS) reminders and real-time adherence monitoring improve antiretroviral therapy adherence in rural Uganda. AIDS 2016;30(8):1295-300. - PMC - PubMed
Hashemian 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hashemian TS, Kritz-Silverstein D, Baker R. Text2floss: the feasibility and acceptability of a text messaging intervention to improve oral health behavior and knowledge. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 2015;75(1):34-41. - PubMed
Herring 2016 {published data only}
    1. Herring SJ, Cruice JF, Bennett GG, Rose MZ, Davey A, Foster GD. Preventing excessive gestational weight gain among African American women: a randomized clinical trial. Obesity 2016;24(1):30-6. - PMC - PubMed
Hofstetter 2015b {published data only}
    1. Hofstetter AM, Vargas CY, Camargo S, Holleran S, Vawdrey DK, Kharbanda EO, et al. Impacting delayed pediatric influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled trial of text message reminders. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015;48(4):392-401. - PubMed
Irons 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irons M, Tomaszewski K, Buchanan CR, Trent M. Understanding adolescent nonresponsiveness to text messages: lessons from the Depotext trial. Journal of Urban Health 2015;92(3):502-12. - PMC - PubMed
Jimenez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Jimenez ME, DuRivage NE, Bezpalko O, Suh A, Wade R, Blum NJ, et al. A pilot randomized trial of a video patient decision aid to facilitate early intervention referrals from primary care. Clinical Pediatrics 2017;56(3):268-77. - PubMed
Kofinas 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kofinas JD, Varrey A, Sapra KJ, Kanj RV, Chervenak FA, Asfaw T. Adjunctive social media for more effective contraceptive counseling: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2014;123(4):763-70. - PubMed
Lau 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lau JT, Tsui HY, Lau MM. A pilot clustered randomized control trial evaluating the efficacy of a network-based HIV peer-education intervention targeting men who have sex with men in Hong Kong, China. AIDS Care 2013;25(7):812-9. - PubMed
Lau 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lau YK, Cassidy T, Hacking D, Brittain K, Haricharan HJ, Heap M. Antenatal health promotion via short message service at a midwife obstetrics unit in South Africa: a mixed methods study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):284. - PMC - PubMed
Lewis 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lewis BA, Gjerdingen DK, Avery MD, Guo H, Sirard JR, Bonikowske AR, et al. Examination of a telephone-based exercise intervention for the prevention of postpartum depression: design, methodology, and baseline data from the healthy mom study. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33(6):1150-8. - PMC - PubMed
Maduka 2013 {published data only}
    1. Maduka O, Tobin-West CI. Adherence counseling and reminder text messages improve uptake of antiretroviral therapy in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2013;16(3):302-8. - PubMed
Mauriello 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mauriello LM, Van Marter DF, Umanzor CD, Castle PH, Aguiar EL. Using mHealth to deliver behavior change interventions within prenatal care at community health centers. American Journal of Health Promotion 2016;30(7):554-62. - PubMed
Milani 2015 {published data only}
    1. Milani HS, Azargashb E, Beyraghi N, Defaie S, Asbaghi T. Effect of telephone-based support on postpartum depression: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Fertility & Sterility 2015;9(2):247-53. - PMC - PubMed
Moore 2013 {published data only}
    1. Moore DJ, Montoya JL, Blackstone K, Rooney A, Gouaux B, Georges S, et al. Preliminary evidence for feasibility, use, and acceptability of individualized texting for adherence building for antiretroviral adherence and substance use assessment among HIV-infected methamphetamine users. AIDS Research and Treatment 2013;2013:585143. - PMC - PubMed
Moore 2015 {published data only}
    1. Moore DJ, Poquette A, Casaletto KB, Gouaux B, Montoya JL, Posada C, et al. Individualized texting for adherence building (iTAB): improving antiretroviral dose timing among HIV-infected persons with co-occurring bipolar disorder. AIDS and Behavior 2015;19(3):459-71. - PMC - PubMed
Murthy 2019 {published data only}
    1. Murthy N, Chandrasekharan S, Prakash MP, Kaonga NN, Peter J, Ganju A, et al. The impact of an mHealth voice message service (mMitra) on infant care knowledge, and practices among low-income women in India: findings from a pseudo-randomized controlled trial. Maternal Child Health Journal 2019;23(12):1658-69. - PMC - PubMed
Mwapasa 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mwapasa V, Joseph J, Tchereni T, Jousset A, Gunda A. Impact of mother–infant pair clinics and short-text messaging service (SMS) reminders on retention of HIV-infected women and HIV-exposed infants in eMTCT care in Malawi: a cluster randomized trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2017;75:S123-31. - PubMed
Oakley‐Girvan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Oakley-Girvan I, Londono C, Canchola A, Watkins Davis S. Text messaging may improve abnormal mammogram follow-up in Latinas. Oncology Nursing Forum 2016;43(1):36-43. - PubMed
Patel 2014 {published data only}
    1. Patel A, Stern L, Unger Z, Debevec E, Roston A, Hanover R, et al. Staying on track: a cluster randomized controlled trial of automated reminders aimed at increasing human papillomavirus vaccine completion. Vaccine 2014;32(21):2428-33. - PubMed
Peitzmeier 2016 {published data only}
    1. Peitzmeier SM, Khullar K, Potter J. Effectiveness of four outreach modalities to patients overdue for cervical cancer screening in the primary care setting: a randomized trial. Cancer Causes & Control 2016;27(9):1081-91. - PubMed
Pérez‐Ferre 2010 {published data only}
    1. Pérez-Ferre N, Galindo M, Fernández MD, Velasco V, Runkle I, la Cruz MJ, et al. The outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus after a telecare approach are not inferior to traditional outpatient clinic visits. International Journal of Endocrinology 2010;2010:386941. - PMC - PubMed
Pollak 2014 {published data only}
    1. Pollak KI, Alexander SC, Bennett G, Lyna P, Coffman CJ, Bilheimer A, et al. Weight-related SMS texts promoting appropriate pregnancy weight gain: a pilot study. Patient Education and Counseling 2014;97(2):256-60. - PMC - PubMed
Prieto 2016 {published data only}
    1. Prieto JT, Zuleta C, Rodríguez JT. Modeling and testing maternal and newborn care mHealth interventions: a pilot impact evaluation and follow-up qualitative study in Guatemala. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2016;24(2):352-60. - PMC - PubMed
Rampersaud 2016 {published data only}
    1. Rampersaud GC, Sokolow A, Gruspe A, Colee JC, Kauwell GP. Folate/folic acid knowledge, intake, and self-efficacy of college-aged women: impact of text messaging and availability of a folic acid-containing supplement. Journal of American College Health 2016;64(6):460-8. - PubMed
Rand 2015 {published data only}
    1. Rand CM, Brill H, Albertin C, Humiston SG, Schaffer S, Shone LP, et al. Effectiveness of centralized text message reminders on human papillomavirus immunization coverage for publicly insured adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 2015;56(5):S17-20. - PubMed
Rand 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rand CM, Vincelli P, Goldstein NP, Blumkin A, Szilagyi PG. Effects of phone and text message reminders on completion of the human papillomavirus vaccine series. Journal of Adolescent Health 2017;60(1):113-9. - PubMed
Reeder 2014 {published data only}
    1. Reeder JA, Joyce T, Sibley K, Arnold D, Altindag O. Telephone peer counseling of breastfeeding among WIC participants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2014;134(3):e700. - PMC - PubMed
Reid 2014 {published data only}
    1. Reid MJ, Dhar SI, Cary M, Liang P, Thompson J, Gabaitiri L, et al. Opinions and attitudes of participants in a randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of SMS reminders to enhance antiretroviral adherence: a cross-sectional survey. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2014;65(2):e86-8. - PMC - PubMed
Richman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Richman AR, Maddy L, Torres E, Goldberg EJ. A randomized intervention study to evaluate whether electronic messaging can increase human papillomavirus vaccine completion and knowledge among college students. Journal of American College Health 2016;64(4):269-78. - PubMed
Robbins 2013 {published data only}
    1. Robbins GK, Testa MA, Su M, Safren SA, Morse G, Lammert S, et al. Site nurse-initiated adherence and symptom support telephone calls for HIV-positive individuals starting antiretroviral therapy, ACTG 5031: substudy of ACTG 384. HIV Clinical Trials 2013;14(5):235-53. - PMC - PubMed
Sridhar 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sridhar A, Chen A, Glik D. Plan a birth control: randomized controlled trial of a mobile health application. Contraception 2013;88(3):463.
Sridhar 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sridhar A, Chen AY. Mobile health application for long-acting reversible contraceptive information: a secondary analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2014;123:111S.
Stern 2013 {published data only}
    1. Stern L, Unger Z, Debevec E, Ginde S, Morfesis J, Patel A. Staying on track: a cluster randomized controlled trial of automated reminders for HPV vaccine series completion. Contraception 2013;88(3):438-9. - PubMed
Stockwell 2012 {published data only}
    1. Stockwell MS, Kharbanda EO, Martinez RA, Vargas CY, Vawdrey DK, Camargo S. Effect of a text messaging intervention on influenza vaccination in an urban, low-income pediatric and adolescent population: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2012;307(16):1702-8. - PubMed
Szilagyi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Szilagyi PG, Albertin C, Humiston SG, Rand CM, Schaffer S, Brill H, et al. A randomized trial of the effect of centralized reminder/recall on immunizations and preventive care visits for adolescents. Academic Pediatrics 2013;13(3):204-13. - PMC - PubMed
Takeuchi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Takeuchi S, Horiuchi S. Randomised controlled trial using smartphone website vs leaflet to support antenatal perineal massage practice for pregnant women. Women and Birth 2016;29(5):430-5. - PubMed
Tarrant 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tarrant AM, Fong DY, Heys M, Lee IL, Sham A, Hui Choi WH. Professional breastfeeding support to increase the exclusivity and duration of breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2014;20:34. - PubMed
Trent 2013 {published data only}
    1. Trent M, Tomaszewski K. Family planning appointment attendance among urban youth: results from the Depotext trial. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;52(2):S88.
Trent 2015 {published data only}
    1. Trent M, Thompson C, Tomaszewski K. Text messaging support for urban adolescents and young adults using injectable contraception: outcomes of the DepoText pilot trial. Journal of Adolescent Health 2015;57(1):100-6. - PMC - PubMed
Van Ryswyk 2015 {published data only}
    1. Van Ryswyk EM, Middleton PF, Hague WM, Crowther CA. Postpartum SMS reminders to women who have experienced gestational diabetes to test for type 2 diabetes: the DIAMIND randomized trial. Diabetic Medicine 2015;32(10):1368-76. - PubMed
Wright 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wright A, Poon EG, Wald J, Feblowitz J, Pang JE, Schnipper JL, et al. Randomized controlled trial of health maintenance reminders provided directly to patients through an electronic PHR. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2012;27(1):85-92. - PMC - PubMed
Young 2013 {published data only}
    1. Young SD, Cumberland WG, Lee SJ, Jaganath D, Szekeres G, Coates T. Social networking technologies as an emerging tool for HIV prevention: a cluster randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;159(5):318-24. - PMC - PubMed
Young 2014 {published data only}
    1. Young SD, Holloway I, Jaganath D, Rice E, Westmoreland D, Coates T. Project HOPE: online social network changes in an HIV prevention randomized controlled trial for African American and Latino men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health 2014;104(9):1707-12. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abroms 2017a {published data only}
    1. Abroms LC, Johnson PR, Leavitt LE, Cleary SD, Bushar J, Brandon TH, et al. A randomized trial of text messaging for smoking cessation in pregnant women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2017;53(6):781-90. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Abroms 2017b {published data only}
    1. Abroms LC, Chiang S, Macherelli L, Leavitt L, Montgomery M. Assessing the National Cancer Institute's smokefreeMOM text-messaging program for pregnant smokers: pilot randomized trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2017;19(10):e333. - PMC - PubMed
Altazan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Altazan AD, Redman LM, Burton JH, Beyl RA, Cain LE, Sutton EF, et al. Mood and quality of life changes in pregnancy and postpartum and the effect of a behavioral intervention targeting excess gestational weight gain in women with overweight and obesity: a parallel-arm randomized controlled pilot trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2019;19(1):50. - PMC - PubMed
Bangal 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bangal V, Somasundaram KV, Thitame S. Influence of mobile communication on utilization and outcome of maternal health services in rural area. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 2018;9(5):504-8.
Domek 2019 {published data only}
    1. Domek GJ, Contreras-Roldan IL, Bull S, O'Leary ST, Bolaños Ventura GA, Bronsert M, et al. Text message reminders to improve infant immunization in Guatemala: a randomized clinical trial. Vaccine 2019;37(42):6192-200. - PMC - PubMed
Forinash 2018 {published data only}
    1. Forinash AB, Yancey A, Chamness D, Koerner J, Inteso C, Miller C, et al. Smoking cessation following text message intervention in pregnant women. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2018;52(11):1109-16. - PubMed
Gibson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gibson DG, Kagucia EW, Were J, Obor D, Hayford K, Ochieng B. Text message reminders and unconditional monetary incentives to improve measles vaccination in western Kenya: study protocol for the mobile and scalable innovations for measles immunization randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2019;8(7):e13221. - PMC - PubMed
Harari 2018 {published data only}
    1. Harari N, Rosenthal MS, Bozzi V, Goeschel L, Jayewickreme T, Onyebeke C, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of a text message intervention used as an adjunct tool by WIC breastfeeding peer counsellors: the LATCH pilot. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2018;14(1):e12488. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Martinez-Brockman JL, Harari N, Segura-Pérez S, Goeschel L, Bozzi V, Pérez-Escamilla R. Impact of the lactation advice through texting can help (LATCH) trial on time to first contact and exclusive breastfeeding among WIC participants. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2018;50(1):33-42. - PubMed
    1. Martinez-Brockman JL, Harari N, Segura-Perez S, Goeschel L, Perez-Escamilla R. Impact of the lactation advice through texting can help (LATCH) randomized controlled trial. FASEB Journal 2017;31(Suppl):457.7.
Harrington 2019 {published data only}
    1. Harrington EK, Drake AL, Matemo D, Ronen K, Osoti AO, John-Stewart G, et al. An mhealth SMS intervention on postpartum contraceptive use among women and couples in Kenya: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health 2019;109(6):934-41. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Harrington EK. Evaluation of an mHealth SMS Dialogue Strategy to Meet Women's and Couples' Postpartum Contraceptive Needs in Kenya (Mobile WACh XY): a Randomized Controlled Trial [Masters' thesis]. Vol. 10688609. Washington (DC): University of Washington, 2017.
Hmone 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hmone MP, Li M, Agho K, Dibley M. Impact of SMS text messages to improve exclusive breastfeeding and reduce other adverse infant feeding practices in Yangon, Myanmar: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2017;71:610-11.
    1. Hmone MP, Li M, Agho K, Dibley MJ. Impact of SMS text messages to improve exclusive breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial in Myanmar. FASEB Journal 2017;31(1):313.3.
    1. Hmone MP, Li M, Alam A, Dibley MJ. Mobile phone short messages to improve exclusive breastfeeding and reduce adverse infant feeding practices: protocol for a randomized controlled trial in Yangon, Myanmar. JMIR Research Protocols 2017;6(6):e126. - PMC - PubMed
Jasemzadeh 2018 {published data only}IRCT2016102810804N8
    1. Jasemzadeh M, Khafaie MA, Jaafarzadeh N, Araban M. Effectiveness of a theory-based mobile phone text message intervention for improving protective behaviors of pregnant women against air pollution: a randomized controlled trial. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2018;25(7):6648-55. - PubMed
Oliveira‐Ciabati 2017 {published data only}
    1. Oliveira-Ciabati L, Vieira CS, Franzon AC, Alves D, Zaratini FS, Braga GC, et al. PRENACEL– a mHealth messaging system to complement antenatal care: a cluster randomized trial. Reproductive Health 2017;14(1):146. - PMC - PubMed
Ortiz 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ortiz J. Post-abortion follow-up through SMS: texting alternatives to unnecessary follow-up visits. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2018;143(Suppl 3):54.
Palacios 2018 {published data only}
    1. Banna J, Campos M, Gibby C, Graulau RE, Melendez M, Reyes A, et al. Multi-site trial using short mobile messages (SMS) to improve infant weight in low-income minorities: development, implementation, lessons learned and future applications. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2017;62:56-60. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Palacios C, Campos M, Gibby C, Banna J. Multi-site trial using short mobile messages (SMS) to improve infant feeding practices among participants in the WIC program. FASEB Journal 2017;31(Suppl):959.8-959.8.
    1. Palacios C, Campos M, Gibby C, Meléndez M, Lee JE, Banna J. Effect of a multi-site trial using short message service (SMS) on infant feeding practices and weight gain in low-income minorities. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2018;37(7):605-13. - PMC - PubMed
Patel 2018 {published data only}
    1. Patel A, Kuhite P, Puranik A, Khan SS, Borkar J, Dhande L. Effectiveness of weekly cell phone counselling calls and daily text messages to improve breastfeeding indicators. BMC Pediatrics 2018;18(1):337. - PMC - PubMed
Seth 2018 {published data only}
    1. Seth R, Akinboyo I, Chhabra A, Qaiyum Y, Shet A, Gupte N, et al. Mobile phone incentives for childhood immunizations in rural India. Pediatrics 2018;141(4):e20173455. - PMC - PubMed
Shinde 2018 {published data only}
    1. Shinde K, Rani U, Kumar PN. Assessing the effectiveness of immunization reminder system among nursing mothers of South India. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 2018;11(5):1761-7.
Shorey 2017 {published data only}ISRCTN99092313
    1. Shorey S, Lau Y, Dennis CL, Chan YS, Tam WW, Chan YH. A randomized-controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of the 'Home-but not Alone' mobile-health application educational programme on parental outcomes. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2017;73(9):2103-17. - PubMed
    1. Shorey S, Ng YP, Danbjorg DB, Dennis CL, Morelius E. Effectiveness of the 'Home-but not Alone' mobile health application educational programme on parental outcomes: a randomized controlled trial, study protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2017;73:253-64. - PubMed
Unger 2018 {published data only}
    1. Unger JA, Ronen K, Perrier T, DeRenzi B, Slyker J, Drake AL, et al. Short message service communication improves exclusive breastfeeding and early postpartum contraception in a low- to middle-income country setting: a randomised trial. BJOG 2018;125(12):1620-9. - PMC - PubMed
Wang 2018 {published data only}ISRCTN44149146
    1. Wang X, Luo R, Liu C, Zhang L, Yue A, Medina A, et al. Using daily text messages to improve adherence to infant micronutrient powder (MNP) packets in rural western China: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PloS One 2018;13(1):e0191549. - PMC - PubMed
Xie 2018 {published data only}
    1. Xie RH, Tan H, Taljaard M, Liao Y, Krewski D, Du Q, et al. The impact of a maternal education program through text messaging in rural China: cluster randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2018;6(12):e11213. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12618000636257 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12618000636257. Investigating the impact of short automated text message reminder system in improving influenza vaccine uptake in children with chronic lung conditions: a randomised controlled trial. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=374892 (first received 12 April 2018).
Adam 2019 {published data only}
    1. Adam M, Tomlinson M, Le Roux I, LeFevre AE, McMahon SA, Johnston J, et al. The Philani MOVIE study: a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a mobile video entertainment-education intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding in South Africa. BMC Health Services Research 2019;19:211. - PMC - PubMed
CTRI/2018/04/013510 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/04/013510. Effectiveness of mHealth for improving fetal outcome: a community based intervention trial. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=20357 (first received 27 April 2018).
Cyan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Cyan R, Hussain H, Shehki I, Ishaq Z, Khan T, Rothenberg R. Affordable technology for saving maternal and infant lives: moving on with solutions. Annals of Global Health 2016;82:382.
Gelano 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gelano TF, Assefa N, Bacha YD, Mahamed AA, Roba KT, Hambisa MT. Effect of mobile-health on maternal health care service utilization in Eastern Ethiopia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):102. - PMC - PubMed
Gul 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gul X, Hameed W, Hussain S, Sheikh I, Siddiqui JU. A study protocol for an mhealth, multi-centre randomized control trial to promote use of postpartum contraception amongst rural women in Punjab, Pakistan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019;19(1):283. - PMC - PubMed
IRCT20180520039728N1 {published data only}IRCT20180520039728N1
    1. IRCT20180520039728N1. Effectiveness of the distance education program on the mothers' empowerment in breast-feeding. en.irct.ir/trial/31317 (first received 3 July 2018).
ISRCTN13224744 {published data only}ISRCTN13224744
    1. ISRCTN13224744. The effectiveness of theory based intervention using social media to reduce urinary incontinence among postpartum women in Hebron city hospitals. isrctn.com/ISRCTN13224744 (first received 26 July 2018).
ISRCTN15017499 {published data only}ISRCTN15017499
    1. ISRCTN15017499. A trial exploring the feasibility of using telephone support (SMS and call) as a means of supporting young mothers (12–19 years) in Western Kenya soon after giving birth. isrctn.com/ISRCTN15017499 (first received 21 June 2017).
Kazi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kazi AM, Ahsan N, Khan A, Jamal S, Kalimuddin H, Ghulamhussain N, et al. Personalized text messages and automated calls for improving vaccine coverage among children in Pakistan: protocol for a community-based cluster randomized clinical trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2019;8(5):e12851. - PMC - PubMed
Lefevre 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lefevre A, Agarwal S, Chamberlain S, Scott K, Godfrey A, Chandra R, et al. Are stage-based health information messages effective and good value for money in improving maternal newborn and child health outcomes in India? Protocol for an individually randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019;20(1):272. - PMC - PubMed
Maycock 2015 {published data only}
    1. Maycock BR, Scott JA, Hauck YL, Burns SK, Robinson S, Giglia R, et al. A study to prolong breastfeeding duration: design and rationale of the Parent Infant Feeding Initiative (PIFI) randomised controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2015;15(1):159. - PMC - PubMed
NCT02371213 {published data only}
    1. NCT02371213. Social networking on mobile phone to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes (HISONET). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02371213 (first received 25 February 2015).
NCT03023033 {published data only}
    1. NCT03023033. Supporting attendance for facility delivery and infant health (SAFI). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03023033 (first received 18 January 2017).
NCT03135288 {published data only}
    1. NCT03135288. Cell-phone assisted postpartum counseling on the use of long-acting reversible contraceptives. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03135288 (first received 1 May 2017).
NCT03332108 {published data only}
    1. NCT03332108. Novel approach to improving lactation support using mobile health technology. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03332108 (first received 6 November 2017).
NCT03355989 {published data only}
    1. NCT03355989. Evaluation of conditional cash transfers (CCTs) for immunization. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03355989 (first received 29 November 2017).
NCT03379467 {published data only}
    1. NCT03379467. Use of SMS and interactive reminders to improve timely immunization coverage: a randomized controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03379467 (first received 20 November 2017).
NCT03399058 {published data only}
    1. NCT03399058. Innovative nutrition and mhealth evidence building project. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03399058 (first received 16 January 2018).
NCT03402646 {published data only}
    1. NCT03402646. Mobile phone reminders (and photovoice) for routine immunization in Nigeria – the MOPING study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03402646 (first received 18 January 2018).
NCT03516682 {published data only}
    1. NCT03516682. The REDIVAC study-reducing delay in vaccination of children study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03516682 (first received 4 May 2018).
NCT03705455 {published data only}
    1. NCT03705455. Immunization schedule alert platform: determining ISAP SMS efficacy in improving childhood immunization timeliness and completeness in Nigeria. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03705455 (first received 15 October 2018).
NCT03797950 {published data only}
    1. NCT03797950. Mobile nudges to increase early vaccination coverage in rural areas: a pilot Investigation in Ghana's northern region. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03797950 (first received 9 January 2019).
NCT03890978 {published data only}
    1. NCT03890978. Improving exclusive breastfeeding via mobile phone text messages: a randomized controlled trial in southern Jordan. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03890978 (first received 26 March 2019).
Odeny 2018 {published data only}
    1. Odeny TA, Onono M, Owuor K, Helova A, Wanga I, Bukusi EA, et al. Maximizing adherence and retention for women living with HIV and their infants in Kenya (MOTIVATE! study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):77. - PMC - PubMed
PACTR201703002093382 {published data only}
    1. PACTR201703002093382. Effect of enhanced reminders on postnatal clinic attendance in Addis Ababa: a cluster randomized control trial. pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=2093 (first received 11 March 2017).
PACTR201711002737120 {published data only}
    1. PACTR201711002737120. Zinc adherence: a follow-up study of under-fives with acute watery diarrhoea using mobile phones: a randomised controlled trial. pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=2737 (first received 31 October 2017).
PACTR201801002231314 {published data only}
    1. PACTR201801002231314. Utilization of short message service to enhance uptake of focused ante-natal care among women in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=2231 (first received 23 April 2017).
PACTR201806003369302 {published data only}
    1. PACTR201806003369302. Efficacy of text messages, voice calls and community visits on developmental milestones of children from teenage pregnancies: a randomized intervention trial. pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=3369 (first received 4 May 2018).
Rossing 2016 {published data only}
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Salam 2018 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

Palmer 2018a
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