The impact of high-intensity interval training exercise on breast cancer survivors: a pilot study to explore fitness, cardiac regulation and biomarkers of the stress systems

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest cause of death in breast cancer survivors. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of exercise intensity on aerobic fitness and autonomic cardiac regulation (heart rate variability (HRV)) and salivary biomarkers of the stress systems (HPA-axis, cortisol; sympathetic nervous system, α-amylase) and mucosal immunity (secretory(s)-IgA), markers of increased risk of CVD in breast cancer survivors.

Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to; 1) high intensity interval training (HIIT); 2) moderate-intensity, continuous aerobic training (CMIT); or 3) a wait-list control (CON) for a 12-week (36 session) stationary cycling intervention. Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO_2peak), resting HRV and salivary biomarkers were measured at baseline 2-4 d pre-intervention and 2-4 d post the last exercise session.

Results: Seventeen participants were included in this study (62 ± 8 years, HIIT; n = 6, CMIT; n = 5, CON; n = 6). A significant improvement (p ≤ 0.05) was observed for VO_2peak in the HIIT group; 19.3% (B = 3.98, 95%CI = [1.89; 4.02]) and a non-significant increase in the CMIT group; 5.6% (B = 1.96, 95%CI = [- 0.11; 4.03]), compared with a 2.6% (B = - 0.64, 95%CI = [- 2.10; 0.82]) decrease in the CON group. Post intervention improvements in HRV markers of vagal activity (log (ln)LF/HF, LnRMSSD) and sympathetic nervous system (α-amylase waking response) occurred for individuals exhibiting outlying (> 95% CI) levels at baseline compared to general population.

Conclusion: High intensity interval training improved cardiovascular fitness in breast cancer survivors and improved cardiac regulation, and sympathetic nervous system (stress) responses in some individuals. High-intensity interval training was safe and effective for breast cancer survivors to participate in with promising results as a time efficient intensity to improve physical health and stress, reducing CVD risk.

Trial registration: This pilot study was retrospectively registered through the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12620000684921 .

Keywords: Biomarkers; Cancer; Exercise; Health; High-intensity; Immune function; Stress.

Fig. 1

Consort diagram

Fig. 2

Individual responses from pre to post intervention for each group (CON, CMIT, HIIT) for heart rate variability time domains LnRMSSD in m/s². Estimated group means, and 95% confidence intervals are shown in grey

Fig. 3

a 30 min post waking s-IgA individual responses from pre to post intervention for each group (CON, CMIT, HIIT). Estimated group means, and 95% confidence intervals are shown in grey. b Waking to 30 min post-waking (percent change) s-cortisol individual responses from pre to post intervention for each group (CON, CMIT, HIIT). Estimated group means, and 95% confidence intervals are shown in grey. c Waking to 30 min post-waking (percent change) s-AA individual responses from pre to post intervention for each group (CON, CMIT, HIIT). Estimated group means, and 95% confidence intervals are shown in grey