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. 2020 Aug 11:6:12.
doi: 10.1038/s41405-020-0040-x. eCollection 2020.

An in vitro assessment of the physical properties of manually- mixed and encapsulated glass-ionomer cements

Lamis Al-Taee  1 , Sanjukta Deb  2 , Avijit Banerjee  2   3
Affiliations

An in vitro assessment of the physical properties of manually- mixed and encapsulated glass-ionomer cements

Lamis Al-Taee et al. BDJ Open. .

Abstract

Objectives: The last decade has seen a variety of modifications of glass-ionomer cements (GICs), such as inclusion of bioactive glass particles and dispensing systems. Hence, the aim was to systematically evaluate effect of mixing modes and presence of reactive glass additives on the physical properties of several GICs.

Materials and methods: The physical properties of eight commercial restorative GICs; Fuji IX GP Extra (C&H), KetacTM Fill Plus Applicap (C&H), Fuji II LC (C&H), Glass Carbomer Cement and Equia® Forte Fil, capsulated versus manually mixed were assessed. 256 cylindrical specimens were prepared for compressive strength and microhardness, whilst 128 disc-shaped specimens were prepared for biaxial flexural strength tests. Fluid uptake and fluoride release were assessed. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Games-Howell post-hoc tests (alpha = 0.05).

Results: Both encapsulated GIC/RMGICs exhibited significantly improved mechanical properties in comparison to manually mixed equivalents, which in turn showed higher fluid uptake and early fluoride release (p < 0.05). The glass carbomer cement exhibited improved mechanical properties post ageing and evidence of mineral deposits were apparent in the microstructure.

Conclusions: The mixing mode and inclusion of reactive glass additives in cements had a statistically significant effect on physical properties of the selected GICs-RMGICs.

Keywords: Dentistry; Glass-ionomer cement; Health care.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Biaxial flexural strength testing apparatus.
(P) is the applied load at failure, (a) is the radius of support circle, (b) is the radius of disc specimen, (t) is the thickness of the disc specimen, and r0 is the radius of the ball used on the loading surface.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Fluid uptake of the GIC-RMGICs over 30 days.
The manually-mixed GICs-RMGIC and GC showed higher hydration percentages than the encapsulated equivalents.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Fluoride release profile in mg/cm2 from the tested GIC-RMGICs up to 30 days.
The early fluoride ion release was higher in the manually-mixed version of F9E and KFP, GC and the automixed of F2LC, however, the prolonged ion release was comparable in all investigated materials (p > 0.05).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. SEM micrographs of GC at different magnifications (x2500, and x10000).
a GC-24 and b GC-30. White arrow in (B-1) showed the presence of mineral deposition on the surface of GC-30 which is more clearly observed at x25000 (B-2).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
EDX analysis of glass carbomer cement GC after 24 h (a) and 30 days (b). There is a distribution of F, Si, Al, in addition to P and Ca, within their matrices. Blue arrows at (b) showed an increase in P and Ca ions peak in the cement post-ageing.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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