Conservation of Cell Communication Systems in Invertebrate Host-Defence Mechanisms: Possible Role in Immunity and Disease

Abstract

Innate immunity is continuously revealing multiple and highly conserved host-defence mechanisms. Studies on mammalian immunocytes are showing different communication systems that may play a role in coordinating innate immune responses also in invertebrates. Extracellular traps (ETs) are an immune response by which cells release net-like material, including DNA, histones and proteins. ETs are thought to immobilise and kill microorganisms, but are also involved in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Immune cells are also known to communicate through extracellular vesicles secreted in the extracellular environment or exosomes, which can carry a variety of different signalling molecules. Tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs) represent a direct cell-to-cell communication over a long distance, that allow for bi- or uni-directional transfer of cellular components between cells. Their functional role in a number of physio-pathological processes, including immune responses and pathogen transfer, has been underlined. Although ETs, exosomes, and TNTs have been described in invertebrate species, their possible role in immune responses is not fully understood. In this work, available data on these communication systems are summarised, in an attempt to provide basic information for further studies on their relevance in invertebrate immunity and disease.

Keywords: cell communication; exosomes; extracellular traps; innate immunity; invertebrates; tunnelling nanotubes.

Figure 1

Different cell structures that allow cells to communicate and perform diverse roles in host defence and homeostasis. Top: Extracellular Traps (ETosis), Middle: Exosome release, Bottom: Tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs).

Figure 2

TNT-like structures between the haemocytes of M. galloprovincialis observed with different stainings. (A) fixed haemocytes stained with Giemsa; live haemocytes stained with Neutral Red (NR) for lysosomes (B), and with the Fluorescent dye Tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester perchlorate (TMRE), fro mitochondria (C). See Supplementary Materials for details. Scale bar: 20 µm.