Psychosocial Determinants of Quality of Life and Active Aging. A Structural Equation Model

Abstract

Population aging is the 21st century's predominant demographic event. The old-age dependency ratio is projected to rise sharply in the next decades. Variables of health-related quality of life can be useful in designing interventions for promoting active aging to prevent dependency and save governments' budgets. This study aims to find a model capable of explaining how psychosocial variables are related to improved quality of life during active aging, and if this relationship varies with age. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to examine the relationships among the availability of social resources, memory, depression, and perception of quality of life from three community senior centers in Madrid (Spain) in a sample of 128 older adult volunteers. The results suggest a psychosocial model where the availability of social support improves quality of life and explicit memory, reduces depression in active older adults, and where there are two main elements for understanding quality of life: perception of health and satisfaction. Importantly, age does not modify the interactions between variables, suggesting that their behavior is constant across aging. We concluded that the availability of social resources, understood not only as the people we interact with daily but also other family members, close friends, or institutions that could help in case of an emergency, allows people to avoid isolation and loneliness, increasing satisfaction and well-being in older adults. Professionals and policymakers should promote well-being by incorporating psychosocial variables related to personal satisfaction in the existential project, not only health, functional activity, or a friendly environment. Older adults need to feel that they are not alone, and in this sense, the availability of social resources is key.

Keywords: SEM; active aging; memory; quality of life; social support.

Figure 1

Active aging model. Relationship of social resources, depression, explicit memory and perception of quality of life. Source: Self-made. Note: Main goodness-of-fit indices in the active aging model: χ²(6, N = 128) = 7.708, p = 0.9260; normal fit index = 0.992; comparative fit index (CFI) = 1.00; root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.00; goodness of fit = 1.00; adjusted goodness of fit = 0.997; ezvd = Error; ezad = Error; VD = delayed visual index; AD = delayed auditory index; YESE = Yesavage’s Geriatric Depression Scale (Yesavage, 1986); FILA = Philadelphia Scale of Satisfaction; OARS = Social Resources Scale; ecali = Error; NOTHINHAM= Nottingham Health Profile (NHP); enothin = Error. Estimate, SE, CR, P, Label data and Model Fit Summary are available in Supplementary Materials.