Ferulic Acid Decarboxylase Controls Oxidative Maturation of the Prenylated Flavin Mononucleotide Cofactor

Abstract

Prenylated flavin mononucleotide (prFMN) is a recently discovered modified flavin cofactor containing an additional nonaromatic ring, connected to the N5 and C6 atoms. This cofactor underpins reversible decarboxylation catalyzed by members of the widespread UbiD enzyme family and is produced by the flavin prenyltransferase UbiX. Oxidative maturation of the UbiX product prFMNH₂ to the corresponding oxidized prFMN^iminium is required for ferulic acid decarboxylase (Fdc1; a UbiD-type enzyme) activity. However, it is unclear what role the Fdc1 enzyme plays in this process. Here, we demonstrate that, in the absence of Fdc1, prFMNH₂ oxidation by O₂ proceeds via a transient semiquinone prFMN^radical species and culminates in a remarkably stable prFMN-hydroperoxide species. Neither forms of prFMN are able to support Fdc1 activity. Instead, enzyme activation using O₂-mediated oxidation requires prFMNH₂ binding prior to oxygen exposure, confirming that UbiD enzymes play a role in O₂-mediated oxidative maturation. In marked contrast, alternative oxidants such as potassium ferricyanide support prFMN^iminium formation both in solution and in Fdc1.