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. 2020 Aug;11(4):173-181.
doi: 10.14740/wjon1283. Epub 2020 Aug 10.

Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers and Possible Risk Factors Across Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: A Systematic Review

Wedad Saeed Alqahtani  1 , Nawaf Abdulrahman Almufareh  2 , Halah A Al-Johani  3 , Rasil Khaled Alotaibi  4 , Consul Iworikumo Juliana  5 , Nada Hamad Aljarba  6 , Abdulqader Saeed Alqahtani  7 , Bandary Almarshedy  8 , Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali  9 , Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed  10   11 , Bassam Ahmed Almutlaq  10
Affiliations

Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers and Possible Risk Factors Across Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: A Systematic Review

Wedad Saeed Alqahtani et al. World J Oncol. 2020 Aug.

Abstract

Background: In recent years, there is an emerging increase in the prevalence of oral and oropharyngeal cancers (O-OPCs) across the Arabian Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Consequently, this review aimed to explore the epidemiology and possible risk factors of O-OPCs in GCC countries.

Methods: Data published after 2008 related to O-OPCs in GCC countries were obtained through electronic searches in Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE and Google Scholar. Keywords related to the association between O-OPCs metrics (epidemiology and risk factors) and GCC countries were used for electronic searches.

Results: The overall prevalence of OPCs increased significantly over time (40-51%) in some countries (Saudi Arabia and Arab Emigrated) of the Gulf regions. The pooled risk factor was 3.4 (2.5 - 4.7). Among the risk factors, human papillomavirus and the use of smoke and smokeless tobacco revealed odds ratio (OR) 3.31 (3.13 - 4.5) and 0.60 (0.45 - 0.80) at 95% confidence interval (CI).

Conclusion: A positive correlation between factors like age, diet, hygiene, genetics, viral and bacterial infection, consumption of alcohol and tobacco products with OPC-MFC is suggested.

Keywords: GCC countries; HPV; Oral cancer; Oropharyngeal cancer; Tobacco.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The age-standardized rates and cumulative risk of O-OPCs in GCC member states [8, 9].
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Estimated age-standardized mortality rates of oral cancer individuals (CID-10: C00-C08) in GCC countries per 100,000 persons. (b) Estimated age-standardized incidence rates of oral cancer individuals (CID-10: C00-C08) in GCC countries per 100,000 persons.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Meta-analyses (forest plot) of prevalence rates with respect to the report’s country.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Forest plot of smoking and risk of oral cancer.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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