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Review
. 2020 Aug 26;9(9):1974.
doi: 10.3390/cells9091974.

Nano-Vesicle (Mis)Communication in Senescence-Related Pathologies

Sherin Saheera  1 , Ajay Godwin Potnuri  2 , Prasanna Krishnamurthy  3
Affiliations
Review

Nano-Vesicle (Mis)Communication in Senescence-Related Pathologies

Sherin Saheera et al. Cells. .

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures comprising of exosomes, apoptotic bodies, and microvesicles. Of the extracellular vesicles, exosomes are the most widely sorted and extensively explored for their contents and function. The size of the nanovesicular structures (exosomes) range from 30 to 140 nm and are present in various biological fluids such as saliva, plasma, urine etc. These cargo-laden extracellular vesicles arise from endosome-derived multivesicular bodies and are known to carry proteins and nucleic acids. Exosomes are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including cellular senescence. Exosomes mediate signaling crosstalk and play a critical role in cell-cell communications. Exosomes have evolved as potential biomarkers for aging-related diseases. Aging, a physiological process, involves a progressive decline of function of organs with a loss of homeostasis and increasing probability of illness and death. The review focuses on the classic view of exosome biogenesis, biology, and age-associated changes. Owing to their ability to transport biological information among cells, the review also discusses the interplay of senescent cell-derived exosomes with the aging process, including the susceptibility of the aging population to COVID-19 infections.

Keywords: COVID-19; aging; exosomes; extracellular vesicles; miRNA.

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Conflict of interest statement

The named authors have no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Exosome biogenesis and secretion. The biogenesis of exosomes is mediated by either ESCRT-dependent or ESCRT-independent pathways. ESCRT pathways involve numerous proteins/enzymes. Multivesicular bodies fuse with the ce ll membrane and result in the release of exosomes. (SIMPLE: Small Integral Membrane Protein of the lysosome/late endosome; MVB: Microvesicular Bodies; ESCRT: Endosomal Sorting complex required for Transport; Hrs: Hepatocyte growth factorregulated tyrosine kinase substrate; STAM: Signal Transducing adaptor Molecule; TSG101: Tumor susceptibility gene 101; VSP4B: Vacuolar Protein Sorting 4 Homolog B).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Age-related complications of senescent cell derived exosomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from senescent cells have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders, and vascular aging. Senescent EVs modulate several different proteins and miRs, thus exacerbating age-associated pathologies.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Graphical representation of the age-associated characteristics of nanovesicles.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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