Neurodevelopmental Optimization after Early-Life Adversity: Cross-Species Studies to Elucidate Sensitive Periods and Brain Mechanisms to Inform Early Intervention

Abstract

Human brain development is influenced by early-life experiences, particularly during sensitive periods, with impact on cognitive and emotional outcomes. Understanding how the timing and nature of such experiences (including adversity, trauma, and enrichment) govern their influence on brain organization is crucial for harnessing key environmental factors early in life to enhance brain development. Here we synthesize findings from human and animal studies focusing on sensitive periods and their regional and circuit specificity and highlight the challenge and power of such cross-species approaches in informing the 'next steps' to optimize cognitive and emotional health in developing children. We propose designs for neurodevelopmental optimization research programs utilizing randomized enhancement trials in early childhood to inform public health strategies on prevention and early intervention.

Keywords: developmental enhancement; sensitive periods.

Figure 1:. Factors in the Optimization of Early Childhood Neurodevelopment.

The schematic illustrates the theoretical optimization model, where umbrellas represent the specific need for protection from adversity at key timepoints (to be empirically determined) based on sensitive periods. Enhancement is applied during phases of development also based on these empirically determined periods and child’s individual needs. Lightning bolts represent adversity that developing children may face. Placement of these icons in the figure are currently speculative awaiting empirical anchoring based on animal and human enhancement trials to inform the timing of sensitive periods.