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Review
. 2020 Oct 30;45(53):28217-28239.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.256. Epub 2020 Aug 21.

Is the H2 economy realizable in the foreseeable future? Part III: H2 usage technologies, applications, and challenges and opportunities

Hassan Nazir  1 , Navaneethan Muthuswamy  2   3 , Cindrella Louis  4 , Sujin Jose  5 , Jyoti Prakash  6 , Marthe E M Buan  3 , Cristina Flox  3 , Sai Chavan  6 , Xuan Shi  6 , Pertti Kauranen  3 , Tanja Kallio  3 , Gilberto Maia  7 , Kaido Tammeveski  8 , Nikolaos Lymperopoulos  9 , Elena Carcadea  10 , Emre Veziroglu  11 , Alfredo Iranzo  12 , Arunachala M Kannan  6
Affiliations
Review

Is the H2 economy realizable in the foreseeable future? Part III: H2 usage technologies, applications, and challenges and opportunities

Hassan Nazir et al. Int J Hydrogen Energy. .

Abstract

Energy enthusiasts in developed countries explore sustainable and efficient pathways for accomplishing zero carbon footprint through the H2 economy. The major objective of the H2 economy review series is to bring out the status, major issues, and opportunities associated with the key components such as H2 production, storage, transportation, distribution, and applications in various energy sectors. Specifically, Part I discussed H2 production methods including the futuristic ones such as photoelectrochemical for small, medium, and large-scale applications, while Part II dealt with the challenges and developments in H2 storage, transportation, and distribution with national and international initiatives. Part III of the H2 economy review discusses the developments and challenges in the areas of H2 application in chemical/metallurgical industries, combustion, and fuel cells. Currently, the majority of H2 is being utilized by a few chemical industries with >60% in the oil refineries sector, by producing grey H2 by steam methane reforming on a large scale. In addition, the review also presents the challenges in various technologies for establishing greener and sustainable H2 society.

Keywords: Combustion; Fuel cells; H2 application; H2 society; Industrial.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Schematic representation showing the scope of Part III of the review including H2 usage, applications, challenges and opportunities.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
(a) Global H2 production per year as pure H2 and as syngas, (b) global usage of H2 as syngas, (c) global usage of pure H2, and (d) sector-wise usage of H2 [6].
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Reduction of cost and increase in number of FC buses in Europe.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Horizon2020 and FCH JU supported projects in H2-FC propulsion in the maritime sector.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Hybrid system designed for residential applications.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Schematic representation of (a) liquid H2 storage and injection system, (b) injector used for DI-H2ICE, (c) pressure-boosted H2ICE, and (d) a hybrid-electric version of an H2ICE [113].
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
A schematic of a gas turbine showing fuel flexibility.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Comparison of (a) natural gas, (b) H2 enriched natural gas, and (c) H2 flames for thermal energy applications.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Comparison of natural gas and low-carbon heating technologies for large-scale retrofit deployment to domestic buildings.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
H2 economy: Various opportunities.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Transition from hydrocarbon to H2 economy, related to H2 production, transportation and utilization along with barriers.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
H2 usage: realizable in the coming decades.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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