A Contemporary Approach to Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy: Reversing Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Abstract

Purpose of review: To highlight pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to reversing hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). We identify high-risk phenotypes that may benefit from aggressive blood pressure (BP) management to prevent incident outcomes such as the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, stroke, and heart failure.

Recent findings: LVH is a modifiable risk factor. Intensive BP lowering (systolic BP < 120 mmHg) induces greater regression of electrocardiographic LVH than standard BP targets. The optimal agents for inducing LVH regression include renin-angiotensinogen-aldosterone system inhibitors and calcium channel blockers, although recent meta-analyses have demonstrated superior efficacy of non-hydrochlorothiazide diuretics. Novel agents (such as sacubitril/valsartan) and non-pharmacological approaches (like bariatric surgery) hold promise but longitudinal studies assessing their impact on clinical outcomes are needed. LVH regression is achievable with appropriate therapy with first-line antihypertensive agents. Additional studies are warranted to assess if intensive BP lowering in high-risk groups (such as blacks, women, and malignant LVH) improves outcomes.

Keywords: Hypertension; Hypertensive heart disease; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Regression; Remodeling.