Mycoplasmas-Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation

Abstract

Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating prokaryotes. Located everywhere in nature, they are widespread as parasites of humans, mammals, reptiles, fish, arthropods, and plants. They usually exhibiting organ and tissue specificity. Mycoplasmas belong to the class named Mollicutes (mollis = soft and cutis = skin, in Latin), and their small size and absence of a cell wall contribute to distinguish them from other bacteria. Mycoplasma species are found both outside the cells as membrane surface parasites and inside the cells, where they become intracellular residents as "silent parasites". In humans, some Mycoplasma species are found as commensal inhabitants, while others have a significant impact on the cellular metabolism and physiology. Mollicutes lack typical bacterial PAMPs (e.g., lipoteichoic acid, flagellin, and some lipopolysaccharides) and consequently the exact molecular mechanisms of Mycoplasmas' recognition by the cells of the immune system is the subjects of several researches for its pathogenic implications. It is well known that several strains of Mycoplasma suppress the transcriptional activity of p53, resulting in reduced apoptosis of damaged cells. In addition, some Mycoplasmas were reported to have oncogenic potential since they demonstrated not just accumulation of abnormalities but also phenotypic changes of the cells. Aim of this review is to provide an update of the current literature that implicates Mycoplasmas in triggering inflammation and altering critical cellular pathways, thus providing a better insight into potential mechanisms of cellular transformation.

Keywords: Mycoplasma; PARP; cancer; inflammation; molecular pathways; p53.

Figure 1

Mycoplasmas affect cellular pathways involved in inflammation and cellular transformation. Mycoplasmas’ proteins interact with TLR or enter the cells, where they can alter several pathways responsible for inflammation and DNA repair. In addition, affecting methylation of cellular DNA results in alteration of cellular epigenetic landscape. TLR: Toll Like Receptor; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species. TGF: Transforming Growth Factor; TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor; and MCP-Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein.