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Review
. 2020 Sep 4;18(9):457.
doi: 10.3390/md18090457.

Natural Products Repertoire of the Red Sea

Ebaa M El-Hossary  1 , Mohammad Abdel-Halim  2 , Eslam S Ibrahim  3   4 , Sheila Marie Pimentel-Elardo  5 , Justin R Nodwell  5 , Heba Handoussa  6 , Miada F Abdelwahab  7 , Ulrike Holzgrabe  8 , Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen  7   9
Affiliations
Review

Natural Products Repertoire of the Red Sea

Ebaa M El-Hossary et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

Marine natural products have achieved great success as an important source of new lead compounds for drug discovery. The Red Sea provides enormous diversity on the biological scale in all domains of life including micro- and macro-organisms. In this review, which covers the literature to the end of 2019, we summarize the diversity of bioactive secondary metabolites derived from Red Sea micro- and macro-organisms, and discuss their biological potential whenever applicable. Moreover, the diversity of the Red Sea organisms is highlighted as well as their genomic potential. This review is a comprehensive study that compares the natural products recovered from the Red Sea in terms of ecological role and pharmacological activities.

Keywords: Red Sea; bioactivity; biodiversity; marine metagenomics; marine natural products; marine organisms.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A satellite image of the Red Sea. The marine organisms were collected from Egypt (El Gouna, Hurghada, Ras Gharib, Ras Muhammad, Safaga, Gulf of Aqaba, and Sharm El-Sheikh), Saudi Arabia (Hakel area, Jazan, Obhur, Al-Lith, Jeddah, Salman Gulf and Yanbu), Israel (Gulf of Eilat), Eritrea (Dahlak archipelago and Massawa), Djibouti (Ardoukoba), Jordan (Aqaba) and Yemen (Hanish Islands).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Numbers of marine organisms according to the location of collection in the Red Sea.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Numbers of marine organisms collected from the Red Sea.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Numbers and chemical classes of the isolated compounds and their isolation sources (marine organisms).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chemical structures of lyngbyabellin O (1), lyngbyabellin P (2), lyngbyabellin G (3), dolastatin 16 (4), wewakazole B (5), apratoxin H (6), apratoxin A sulfoxide (7), grassypeptolide D (8) and grassypeptolide E (9).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Chemical structures of actinosporin C (10), actinosporin D (11), saadamycin (12), lyngbyatoxin A (13), debromoaplysiatoxin (14), 3,6-diisobutyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone (15), chrysophanol 8-methyl ether (16), asphodelin (17), justicidin B (18), ayamycin (19) and fridamycin H (20).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Chemical structures of AGI-B4 (21) and scopularide A (22).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Chemical structures of compound 23, compound 24, (−)-muqubilin A (25), sipholenol A (26), sipholenone E (27), sipholenol L (28), siphonellinol D (29), latrunculin A (30), latrunculin B (31) and 16-epi-latrunculin B (32).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Chemical structures of compounds 33, compound 34, araguspongine C (35), muqubilin (36), sigmosceptrellin B (37), swinholide I (38), hurghadolide A (39).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Chemical structures of callyspongenol A (40), callyspongenol B (41), dehydroisophonochalynol (42), callyspongamide A (43), hyrtioerectine B (44), hyrtioerectine C (45), avarone A (46), 3′,6′-dihydroxyavarone (47), avarol C (48) and avarone E (49).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Chemical structures of toxiusol (50), shaagrockol C (51), toxicol A (52), toxicol B (53), subereaphenol B (54) and subereaphenol C (55), moloka’iamine (56), moloka’iakitamide (57), ceratinine H (58), psammaplysin E (59) and psammaplysin A (60).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Chemical structures of toxiusol (50), shaagrockol C (51), toxicol A (52), toxicol B (53), subereaphenol B (54) and subereaphenol C (55), moloka’iamine (56), moloka’iakitamide (57), ceratinine H (58), psammaplysin E (59) and psammaplysin A (60).
Figure 12
Figure 12
Chemical structures of phyllospongin A (61), phyllospongin B (62), phyllospongin C (63), phyllospongin D (64), phyllospongin E (65), compounds 66–68.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Chemical structures of compound 69, heteronemin (70), compound 71, sesterstatin 7 (72), 12-epi-24-deoxyscalarin (73) and 19 acetylsesterstatin 3 (74).
Figure 14
Figure 14
Chemical structures of theonellamide G (75), subereamolline A (76), eryloside A (77), dysidamide (78), asmarine A (79) and asmarine B (80).
Figure 15
Figure 15
Chemical structures of niphatoxin A (81), niphatoxin B (82), hyrtiomanzamine (83), petrosolic acid (84), compounds 85–86, gelliusterol E (87), compounds 88 and 89.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Chemical structure of singardin (90), guaianediol (91), compound 92 and 93, 12(S)-hydroperoxylsarcoph-10-ene (94), 8-epi-sarcophinone (95), ent-sarcophine (96), compounds 97–100, sarcotrocheliol (101) and sarcotrocheliol acetate (102).
Figure 17
Figure 17
Chemical structures of oculiferane (103) and epi-obtusane (104).
Figure 18
Figure 18
Chemical structures of etzionin (105), compound 106 and 107 and fucosterol (108).
Figure 19
Figure 19
Chemical structures of compound 109, asebotin (110) and thalassodendrone (111).
Figure 20
Figure 20
Numbers of natural products isolated from the Red Sea marine organisms.
Figure 21
Figure 21
Numbers of published studies on natural products isolated from the Red Sea marine organisms.
Figure 22
Figure 22
Chemical classes of natural products isolated from the Red Sea marine organisms.
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