Knowledge, Perception, and Application of Pharmacogenomics Among Hospital Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Introduction: The accelerated transformation in the healthcare system supported by the Saudi Vision 2030 makes the present the best time to start the real application of pharmacogenomics in Saudi Arabia. The current study aimed to assess the knowledge, perception and the application status of pharmacogenomics among pharmacists in the hospital settings in Saudi Arabia.

Methods: This cross-sectional observational survey was conducted among 206 qualified pharmacists working in Saudi hospitals. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to all participants.

Results: Only 30% of the pharmacists had received any type of formal training on PGx. Of these, only nine participants had actually put the knowledge into practice. Participants showed a moderate to low level of knowledge when responded to the pharmacogenomic knowledge indicators used in the study. The low knowledge and the availability of the pharmacogenetic test are the main barriers for the low adoption of the pharmacogenomics in the clinical practice. Approximately 83% felt the need to know more about pharmacogenomics. Participants show positive perception with high motivation levels to incorporate this technology in practice. For example, 76% stated that pharmacogenetic testing should be applied to pharmacy practice. Around 38% of participants reported that the Saudi government and the Saudi FDA had been promoting the pharmacogenomics. However, 50% of the total participants reported that their hospital management is unaware of the pharmacogenomics importance in clinical practice.

Discussion: This study emphasizes on two needs which can help promote the use and implementation of pharmacogenomics. One is the need to update the pharmacy education and training programs with pharmacogenomic-related areas to raise the pharmacist's knowledge and practical skill to apply pharmacogenomics in the clinical practice effectively. Another need is to increase the awareness of the decision and policy-makers with the importance of pharmacogenomics for the patient benefit and safety. This preliminary evaluation will provide future insight into the best approach to applying pharmacogenomics in the Saudi healthcare system.

Keywords: Saudi Arabia; attitude; implementation; knowledge; pharmacists; pharmacogenetics; pharmacogenomics.

Figure 1

Sources of participants training in PGx (N=53).

Figure 2

Perception about PGx among study participants (N=206).

Figure 3

Participant’s expectation that pharmacogenetic testing can prevent wrong drug use (N=206).

Figure 4

Participant’s perception that pharmacogenetic testing could detect the patient’s risk factors for another disease (N=206).

Figure 5

Barriers for not requesting pharmacogenomic testing by the participants in the past year (N=181). Multiple responses by each participant.

Figure 6

The ability of the participants to apply PGx in clinical practice (N=206).

Figure 7

The PGx status within the healthcare system as reported by study participants (N=206).