Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems

doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100424

. 2020 Sep:26:100424.

doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100424. Epub 2020 Aug 30.

Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems

Grace T Patterson¹, Lian F Thomas^{1

2}, Lucy A Coyne¹, Jonathan Rushton¹

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
² International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, UK.

PMID: 32904586
PMCID: PMC7456577
DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100424

Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems

Grace T Patterson et al. Glob Food Sec. 2020 Sep.

. 2020 Sep:26:100424.

doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100424. Epub 2020 Aug 30.

Authors

Grace T Patterson¹, Lian F Thomas^{1

2}, Lucy A Coyne¹, Jonathan Rushton¹

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
² International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, UK.

PMID: 32904586
PMCID: PMC7456577
DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100424

Abstract

Our food systems are progressively more industrialized and consolidated with many modern food value chains involving multiple countries and continents, and as such being associated with changes in risk profile and impacts of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Disease outbreaks that sweep through a single region can have massive impacts on food supply, while severe outbreaks of human pathogens can disrupt agricultural labor supply or demand for products perceived as 'unsafe'. Market pressures have generally rewarded production of cash crops for fuel and energy dense, low nutrient processed foods over production of fruits and vegetables for local consumption. Climbing rates of food-related NCDs and pre-existing conditions leave the population increasingly susceptible to infectious diseases that are often driven by or arise from the food system. Therefore disease and diet from our food systems cause impacts on human health, and human health issues can impact on the functioning of the food system. The COVID-19 outbreak is the most recent example of food system driven disease emergence and of massive supply and demand shocks in the food system, experienced as a direct and indirect result of this disease. The effects of the food system on disease spread (and vice versa) must be addressed in future plans to prevent and mitigate large scale outbreaks. Health policies must acknowledge the food system as the base of our health system, as must agri-food policy recognize the pre-eminence of human health (directly and indirectly) in decision making.

Keywords: Agri-food policy; COVID-19; Emerging pathogens; Food systems; Foodborne disease; One health; Zoonoses.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Notable disease outbreak and pathogen emergence events by year and location of emergence or highest impact, with key animals involved in transmission. BSE = bovine spongiform encephalitis, COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, FMD = foot and mouth disease, HIV/AIDS = human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, SARS = severe acute respiratory syndrome, S. suis = *Streptococcus suis*.

**Fig. 2**
Integration of Health and Agri-Food Policy. Current and recommended agri-food and health policies to reduce the frequency and impact of disease outbreaks.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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[2] Afshin A., Sur P.J., Fay K.A., Cornaby L., Ferrara G., Salama J.S., Mullany E.C., Abate K.H., Abbafati C., Abebe Z., Afarideh M., Aggarwal A., Agrawal S., Akinyemiju T., Alahdab F., Bacha U., Bachman V.F., Badali H., Badawi A., Bensenor I.M., Bernabe E., Biadgilign S.K.K., Biryukov S.H., Cahill L.E., Carrero J.J., Cercy K.M., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Degefa M.G., El Sayed Zaki M., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Fanzo J., Farinha C.S.e.S., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Fernandes J.C., Flor L.S., Foigt N.A., Forouzanfar M.H., Ganji M., Geleijnse J.M., Gillum R.F., Goulart A.C., Grosso G., Guessous I., Hamidi S., Hankey G.J., Harikrishnan S., Hassen H.Y., Hay S.I., Hoang C.L., Horino M., Islami F., Jackson M.D., James S.L., Johansson L., Jonas J.B., Kasaeian A., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khang Y.H., Kimokoti R.W., Kokubo Y., Kumar G.A., Lallukka T., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Malekzadeh R., März W., Meier T., Melaku Y.A., Mendoza W., Mensink G.B.M., Micha R., Miller T.R., Mirarefin M., Mohan V., Mokdad A.H., Mozaffarian D., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Nguyen C.T., Nixon M.R., Ong K.L., Pereira D.M., Poustchi H., Qorbani M., Rai R.K., Razo-García C., Rehm C.D., Rivera J.A., Rodríguez-Ramírez S., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Sanabria J., Sánchez-Pimienta T.G., Sartorius B., Schmidhuber J., Schutte A.E., Sepanlou S.G., Shin M.J., Sorensen R.J.D., Springmann M., Szponar L., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Thrift A.G., Touvier M., Tran B.X., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vaezghasemi M., Vasankari T.J., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Vu G.T., Vu L.G., Weiderpass E., Werdecker A., Wijeratne T., Willett W.C., Wu J.H., Xu G., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Murray C.J.L. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2019 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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[4] Anderson R.M., Donnelly C.A., Ferguson N.M., Woolhouse M.E.J., Watt C.J., Udy H.J., MaWhinney S., Dunstan S.P., Southwood T.R.E., Wilesmith J.W., Ryan J.B.M., Hoinville L.J., Hillerton J.E., Austin A.R., Wells G.A.H. Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of BSE in British cattle. Nature. 1996 doi: 10.1038/382779a0. - DOI - PubMed

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[9] Badawi A., Velummailum R., Ryoo S.G., Senthinathan A., Yaghoubi S., Vasileva D., Ostermeier E., Plishka M., Soosaipillai M., Arora P. Prevalence of chronic comorbidities in dengue fever and west nile virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200200. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems

Affiliations

Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

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References

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