Caffeine supplementation induces higher IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels in response to a treadmill exercise test

Abstract

Background: An acute bout of exercise induces an inflammatory response characterized by increases in several cytokines. Caffeine ingestion could modify this inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of caffeine supplementation on plasma levels of cytokines, mainly IL-10 and IL-6, in response to exercise.

Methods: In a randomized, crossover, double-blinded study design, thirteen healthy, well-trained recreational male athletes performed, on two different occasions, a treadmill exercise test (60 min at 70% VO₂max) after ingesting 6 mg/kg body mass of caffeine or placebo. Blood samples were taken before exercising, immediately after finishing and 2 h after finishing the exercise. Plasma concentrations of IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-8, IL-12 and IFN-γ, adrenaline, cortisol and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were determined. The capacity of whole blood cultures to produce cytokines in response to endotoxin (LPS) was also determined. Changes in blood variables were analyzed using a time (pre-exercise, post-exercise, recovery) x condition (caffeine, placebo) within-between subjects ANOVA with repeated measures.

Results: Caffeine supplementation induced higher adrenaline levels in the supplemented participants after exercise (257.3 ± 53.2 vs. 134.0 ± 25.7 pg·mL^{- 1}, p = 0.03) and higher cortisol levels after recovery (46.4 ± 8.5 vs. 32.3 ± 5.6 pg·mL^{- 1}, p = 0.007), but it did not influence plasma cAMP levels (p = 0.327). The exercise test induced significant increases in IL-10, IL-6, IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-8, IL-12 and IFN-γ plasma levels, with IL-6 and IL-10 levels remaining high after recovery. Caffeine supplementation influenced only IL-6 (3.04 ± 0.40 vs. 3.89 ± 0.62 pg·mL^{- 1}, p = 0.003) and IL-10 (2.42 ± 0.54 vs. 3.47 ± 0.72 pg·mL^{- 1}, p = 0.01) levels, with higher concentrations after exercise in the supplemented condition. No effect of caffeine was observed on the in vitro stimulated cytokine production.

Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate a significant influence of caffeine supplementation increasing the response to exercise of two essential cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10. However, caffeine did not influence changes in the plasma levels of other cytokines measured and the in vitro-stimulated cytokine production.

Keywords: Adrenaline; Caffeine; Cytokines; Exercise; Inflammation.

Fig. 1

Changes in plasma adrenaline concentrations during exercise and recovery following caffeine supplementation. The values are the mean and S.D. (n = 13). p value (time): < 0.001; p value (condition): 0.030; p value (interaction): 0.029; * indicates significant differences between conditions at that time point; ^a indicates significant differences post-exercise vs. pre-exercise; ^b indicates significant differences recovery vs. pre-exercise; ^c indicates significant differences recovery vs. post-exercise

Fig. 2

Changes in plasma cortisol concentrations during exercise and recovery following caffeine supplementation. The values are the mean and S.D. (n = 13). p value (time): < 0.001; p value (condition): 0.036; p value (interaction): 0.017; * indicates significant differences between conditions at that time point; ^a indicates significant differences post-exercise vs. pre-exercise; ^b indicates significant differences recovery vs. pre-exercise; ^c indicates significant differences recovery vs. post-exercise

Fig. 3

Changes in plasma IL-10 concentrations during exercise and recovery following caffeine supplementation. The values are the mean and S.D. (n = 13). p value (time): 0.003; p value (condition): 0.001; p value (interaction): 0.016; * indicates significant differences between conditions at that time point; ^a indicates significant differences post-exercise vs. pre-exercise; ^b indicates significant differences recovery vs. pre-exercise

Fig. 4

Changes in plasma IL-6 concentrations during exercise and recovery following caffeine supplementation. The values are the mean and S.D. (n = 13). p value (time): < 0.001; p value (condition): 0.011; p value (interaction): 0.017; * indicates significant differences between conditions at that time point; ^a indicates significant differences post-exercise vs. pre-exercise; ^b indicates significant differences recovery vs. pre-exercise; ^c indicates significant differences recovery vs. post-exercise