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Review
. 2020 Aug 28:2020:6792069.
doi: 10.1155/2020/6792069. eCollection 2020.

Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties

Sara Luisa Rodríguez De Luna  1 , R E Ramírez-Garza  2 , Sergio O Serna Saldívar  1
Affiliations
Review

Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties

Sara Luisa Rodríguez De Luna et al. ScientificWorldJournal. .

Abstract

The flavonoids are compounds synthesized by plants, and they have properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial, among others. One of the most important bioactive properties of flavonoids is their antioxidant effect. Synthetic antioxidants have side toxic effects whilst natural antioxidants, such as flavonoids from natural sources, have relatively low toxicity. Therefore, it is important to incorporate flavonoids derived from natural sources in several products such as foods, cosmetics, and drugs. For this reason, there is currently a need to extract flavonoids from plant resources. In this review are described the most important parameters involved in the extraction of flavonoids by unconventional methods such as ultrasound, pressurized liquid extraction, mechanochemical, high hydrostatic pressure, supercritical fluid, negative pressure cavitation, intensification of vaporization by decompression to the vacuum, microwave, infrared, pulsed electric field, high-voltage electrical discharges, and enzyme-assisted extraction. There are no unified operation conditions to achieve high yields and purity. Notwithstanding, progress has been achieved in the development of more advanced and environmentally friendly methods of extraction. Although in literature are found important advances, a complete understanding of the extraction process in each of the unconventional techniques is needed to determine the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms that govern each of the techniques.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Basic flavonoid structure.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic representation of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway [3, 5].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scheme of ultrasound equipment: (a) bath system; (b) probe system.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Scheme of pressurized liquid extraction equipment.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Second step of the extraction process by mechanochemical.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Scheme of high hydrostatic pressure equipment.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Scheme of supercritical fluid equipment.
Figure 8
Figure 8
General scheme of a NPCE equipment.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Scheme of a general MWAE equipment.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Scheme of a general IRAE equipment.
Figure 11
Figure 11
General scheme of a PEF equipment process.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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