Biosensor and molecular-based methods for the detection of human coronaviruses: A review

Abstract

The ongoing crisis due to the global pandemic caused by a highly contagious coronavirus (Coronavirus disease - 2019; COVID-19) and the lack of either proven effective therapy or a vaccine has made diagnostic a valuable tool in disease tracking and prevention. The complex nature of this newly emerging virus calls for scientists' attention to find the most reliable, highly sensitive, and selective detection techniques for better control or spread of the disease. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and serology-based tests are currently being used. However, the speed and accuracy of these tests may not meet the current demand; thus, alternative technology platforms are being developed. Nano biosensor technology platforms have been established as a promising diagnostic tool for rapid and accurate detection of viruses as well as other life-threatening diseases even in resource-limited settings. This review aims to provide a short overview of recent advancements in molecular and biosensor-based diagnosis of viruses, including the human coronaviruses, and highlight the challenges and future perspectives of these detection technologies.

Keywords: Biosensors; COVID-19; Coronavirus; MERS-CoV; RT-PCR; SARS-CoV.

Fig. 1

Schematic illustration of the operating procedure of graphene-based FET for detection of COVID-19 (Source: Seo et al., 2020 [75]).

Fig. 2

A schematic illustration of the arrangement and sensing pathway of the dual-functional plasmonic biosensing system (Source: Qiu et al., 2020 [73]).

Fig. 3

A schematic illustration of MPBC DNA sensor (A) Multiplex colorimetric PAD (B) The process of AgNP aggregation in the presence of complementary and non-complementary DNA (Source: Teengam et al., 2017 [70]).