Drug Delivery Applications of Three-Dimensional Printed (3DP) Mesoporous Scaffolds

Abstract

Mesoporous materials are structures characterized by a well-ordered large pore system with uniform porous dimensions ranging between 2 and 50 nm. Typical samples are zeolite, carbon molecular sieves, porous metal oxides, organic and inorganic porous hybrid and pillared materials, silica clathrate and clathrate hydrates compounds. Improvement in biochemistry and materials science led to the design and implementation of different types of porous materials ranging from rigid to soft two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) skeletons. The present review focuses on the use of three-dimensional printed (3DP) mesoporous scaffolds suitable for a wide range of drug delivery applications, due to their intrinsic high surface area and high pore volume. In the first part, the importance of the porosity of materials employed for drug delivery application was discussed focusing on mesoporous materials. At the end of the introduction, hard and soft templating synthesis for the realization of ordered 2D/3D mesostructured porous materials were described. In the second part, 3DP fabrication techniques, including fused deposition modelling, material jetting as inkjet printing, electron beam melting, selective laser sintering, stereolithography and digital light processing, electrospinning, and two-photon polymerization were described. In the last section, through recent bibliographic research, a wide number of 3D printed mesoporous materials, for in vitro and in vivo drug delivery applications, most of which relate to bone cells and tissues, were presented and summarized in a table in which all the technical and bibliographical details were reported. This review highlights, to a very cross-sectional audience, how the interdisciplinarity of certain branches of knowledge, as those of materials science and nano-microfabrication are, represent a growing valuable aid in the advanced forum for the science and technology of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics.

Keywords: anti-inflammatory; antibiotics; drug delivery; electron beam melting; electrospinning; osteogenesis; selective laser sintering; stereolithography; three-dimensional porous scaffolds; two-photon polymerization.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of 3D macro/mesoporous materials preparation reproduced with permission from [34], Chemistry of Materials, 2018.

Figure 2

Schematic layout summarizing pre-loading and direct loading 3DP porous substrate fabrication for in vitro and in vivo drug delivery applications.

Figure 3

Schematic illustrations of the most diffused 3D printing fabrication techniques for porous scaffolds manufacturing: fused deposition modeling, inkjet printing, electron beam melting, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, electrospinning, two-photon polymerization.