Farming Practices Influence Antibiotic Resistance and Biogenic Amine Capacity of Staphylococci from Bulk Tank Ewe's Milk

Abstract

Staphylococci are one of the main microorganisms responsible for intramammary infections in sheep, causing important economic losses for farmers and eventually health problems in humans, especially by the consumption of dairy products made with raw milk containing toxic compounds, such as biogenic amines or antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study aimed to check the presence and safety of staphylococci in bulk tank ewe's milk from different farms, and to determine the relationship between the presence of these staphylococci and farming practices, by applying nonlinear canonical correlation models (OVERALS). Two-hundred and fifty-nine staphylococci from milk samples from eighteen farms were genotyped and representative isolates of the major clusters were identified as belonging to Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, S. epidermidis, S. arlettae, S. lentus, S. simulans, and S. chromogenes species. Identified isolates were assayed in terms of their safety, by evaluating resistance to antimicrobial drugs and the aminobiogenic capacity, using both phenotypic and genetic assays. Antibiotic resistance phenotypic assay revealed that 82.9% were resistant to some antibiotics, although in the genotypic assay only the genes tetM, ermB, ermC, and grlA were detected. Fifty-three percent were high biogenic amine (BA) producers, being putrescine the most produced amine. A lowered risk of finding antibiotic-resistant and BA-producing staphylococci is related to some farming methods such as enrolling in a breeding program, use of good farming practices, postdipping teat disinfection, hygienic livestock housing, or periodic check of the milking machine.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance; biogenic amine; ewe’s milk; farming practices; staphylococci.

Figure 1

Abridged dendrogram of Staphylococcus strains according to their biogenic amine profile. HIS = histamine, TYR = tyramine, PUT = putrescine, TRP = tryptamine, CAD = cadaverine, 2-PHA = 2-phenylethylamine, SPD = spermidine.

Figure 2

Nonlinear canonical correlation analysis similarity map determined by the first (D1ar) and second dimension (D2ar) for farming practices (●) and antibiotic resistances (●). Leyend: Size = flock size, Breeding P = Breeding program, Guide FP = guide to good farming practices, Hyg LH = hygiene of the livestock housing, Postmilking TD = Postdipping teat disinfection, AMP = ampicillin, PEN = penicillin, TET = tetracycline, FTN = nitrofurantoin, CHL = chloramphenicol.

Figure 3

Nonlinear canonical correlation analysis similarity map determined by the first (D1am) and second dimension (D2am) for farming practices (●) and biogenic amines (●). Leyend: Breeding P = Breeding program, Guide FP = guide to good farming practices, Hyg LH = hygiene of the livestock housing, Postmilking TD = Postdipping teat disinfection, Revision MM = periodic check-up of the milking machine, HIS = histamine, PUT = putrescine, TRP = tryptamine, CAD = cadaverine.