The Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC): Protocol for a multi-national, individual participant data meta-analysis

R Borschmann¹, H Tibble², M J Spittal³, D Preen⁴, J Pirkis³, S Larney⁵, D L Rosen⁶, J T Young³, A D Love⁷, F L Altice⁸, I A Binswanger⁹, A Bukten¹⁰, T Butler¹¹, Z Chang¹², C-Y Chen¹³, T Clausen¹⁰, P B Christensen¹⁴, G J Culbert¹⁵, L Degenhardt⁵, Aje Dirkzwager¹⁶, K Dolan⁵, S Fazel¹⁷, C Fischbacher¹⁸, M Giles¹⁹, L Graham¹⁸, D Harding²⁰, Y-F Huang²¹, F Huber²², A Karaminia²³, C Keen³, F G Kouyoumdjian²⁴, S Lim²⁵, L Møller²⁶, A Moniruzzaman²⁷, J Morenoff²⁸, E O'Moore²⁹, L N Pizzicato³⁰, D Pratt³¹, S K Proescholdbell³², S I Ranapurwala³³, M E Shanahan³⁴, J Shaw³⁵, A Slaunwhite³⁶, J M Somers²⁷, A C Spaulding³⁷, M F Stern³⁸, K M Viner³⁰, N Wang³⁹, M Willoughby³, B Zhao³⁶, S A Kinner⁴⁰

Affiliations

¹ Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie street, Carlton 3010, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA.
² Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
³ University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA.
⁴ The University of Western Australia, School of Population and Global Health, Nedlands, AUSTRALIA.
⁵ National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, AUSTRALIA.
⁶ University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
⁷ University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population Health, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA.
⁸ Yale University School of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁹ Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, USA.
¹⁰ Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
¹¹ University of New South Wales, Kirby Institute, Sydney, AUSTRALIA.
¹² Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SWEDEN.
¹³ National Yang-Ming University, Institute of Public Health, TAIWAN.
¹⁴ Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DENMARK.
¹⁵ Department of Health Systems Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.
¹⁶ Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS.
¹⁷ University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, Oxford, ENGLAND.
¹⁸ NHS National Services, Information Services Division, Edinburgh, SCOTLAND.
¹⁹ Edith Cowan University, School of Arts and Humanities, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA.
²⁰ University of California Berkeley, USA.
²¹ Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, TAIWAN.
²² Cayenne General Hospital, COREVIH Guyane, and Reseau Kikiwi, Cayenne, French Guiana, FRANCE.
²³ University of New South Wales, Sydney, AUSTRALIA.
²⁴ McMaster University, Department of Family Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA.
²⁵ New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Epidemiology Services, Division of Epidemiology, New York, USA.
²⁶ World Health Organization, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Promoting Health through the Life-course, Marmorvej, DENMARK.
²⁷ Somers Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, CANADA.
²⁸ University of Michigan, Department of Sociology, USA.
²⁹ Public Health England, London, ENGLAND.
³⁰ Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
³¹ University of Manchester, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Manchester, ENGLAND.
³² North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, North Carolina, USA.
³³ Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
³⁴ Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
³⁵ Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND.
³⁶ BC Centre for Disease Control, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA.
³⁷ Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
³⁸ Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
³⁹ Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, TAIWAN.
⁴⁰ Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA.

PMID: 32935053
PMCID: PMC7473255
DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v5i1.1145

The Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC): Protocol for a multi-national, individual participant data meta-analysis

R Borschmann et al. Int J Popul Data Sci. 2020.

. 2020 Jan 25;5(1):1145.

doi: 10.23889/ijpds.v5i1.1145.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie street, Carlton 3010, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA.
² Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
³ University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA.
⁴ The University of Western Australia, School of Population and Global Health, Nedlands, AUSTRALIA.
⁵ National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, AUSTRALIA.
⁶ University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
⁷ University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population Health, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA.
⁸ Yale University School of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁹ Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, USA.
¹⁰ Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
¹¹ University of New South Wales, Kirby Institute, Sydney, AUSTRALIA.
¹² Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SWEDEN.
¹³ National Yang-Ming University, Institute of Public Health, TAIWAN.
¹⁴ Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DENMARK.
¹⁵ Department of Health Systems Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.
¹⁶ Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS.
¹⁷ University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Sciences Division, Oxford, ENGLAND.
¹⁸ NHS National Services, Information Services Division, Edinburgh, SCOTLAND.
¹⁹ Edith Cowan University, School of Arts and Humanities, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA.
²⁰ University of California Berkeley, USA.
²¹ Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, TAIWAN.
²² Cayenne General Hospital, COREVIH Guyane, and Reseau Kikiwi, Cayenne, French Guiana, FRANCE.
²³ University of New South Wales, Sydney, AUSTRALIA.
²⁴ McMaster University, Department of Family Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA.
²⁵ New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Epidemiology Services, Division of Epidemiology, New York, USA.
²⁶ World Health Organization, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Promoting Health through the Life-course, Marmorvej, DENMARK.
²⁷ Somers Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, CANADA.
²⁸ University of Michigan, Department of Sociology, USA.
²⁹ Public Health England, London, ENGLAND.
³⁰ Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
³¹ University of Manchester, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Manchester, ENGLAND.
³² North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, North Carolina, USA.
³³ Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
³⁴ Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
³⁵ Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, ENGLAND.
³⁶ BC Centre for Disease Control, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA.
³⁷ Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
³⁸ Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
³⁹ Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, TAIWAN.
⁴⁰ Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA.

PMID: 32935053
PMCID: PMC7473255
DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v5i1.1145

Abstract

Introduction: More than 30 million adults are released from incarceration globally each year. Many experience complex physical and mental health problems, and are at markedly increased risk of preventable mortality. Despite this, evidence regarding the global epidemiology of mortality following release from incarceration is insufficient to inform the development of targeted, evidence-based responses. Many previous studies have suffered from inadequate power and poor precision, and even large studies have limited capacity to disaggregate data by specific causes of death, sub-populations or time since release to answer questions of clinical and public health relevance.

Objectives: To comprehensively document the incidence, timing, causes and risk factors for mortality in adults released from prison.

Methods: We created the Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC), a multi-disciplinary collaboration representing 29 cohorts of adults who have experienced incarceration from 11 countries. Findings across cohorts will be analysed using a two-step, individual participant data meta-analysis methodology.

Results: The combined sample includes 1,337,993 individuals (89% male), with 75,795 deaths recorded over 9,191,393 person-years of follow-up.

Conclusions: The consortium represents an important advancement in the field, bringing international attention to this problem. It will provide internationally relevant evidence to guide policymakers and clinicians in reducing preventable deaths in this marginalized population.

Key words: Mortality; incarceration; prison; release; individual participant data meta-analysis; consortium; cohort.

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Conflict of interest statement

Statement of Conflicts of Interest: SF is on the UK’s Independent Advisory Board on Deaths in Custody. PC has received grants from Abbvie and Echosens to conduct research relating to prison health. IB has received royalties from Uptodate for educational content on health care for incarcerated persons. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1: Sampling and follow-up time by cohort for the 29 cohorts in the Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC).**

**Figure 2: Two-step, individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDM-A) methodology.**

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. UNODC, ILO, UNDP, WHO, UNAIDS. HIV prevention, treatment and care in prisons and other closed settings: A comprehensive package of interventions. Vienna: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime; 2013 https://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/HIV_comprehensive_package_priso...
1. Fazel S, Baillargeon J. The health of prisoners. Lancet. 2011;377:956-965. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61053-7 - DOI - PubMed
1. Walmsley R. World Prison Population List (twelfth edition): Home Office, London UK; 2018 https://www.prisonstudies.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/wp...
1. Minton T, Ginder S. Census of Jails: Population Changes, 1999–2013. US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics; NCJ 248627 2015. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cjpc9913.pdf
1. Minton T. Jail Inmates at Midyear 2012 - Statistical Tables. Washington, DC: US Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2013 https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/jim12st.pdf

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The Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC): Protocol for a multi-national, individual participant data meta-analysis

Affiliations

The Mortality After Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC): Protocol for a multi-national, individual participant data meta-analysis

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources