Prospective evaluation of World Health Organization guidelines for diagnosis of pneumonia in children presenting to an emergency department in a resource-limited setting

Abstract

Background: Clinicians in resource-limited settings commonly use the World Health Organization criteria to diagnose pneumonia in children.

Aim: The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the WHO criteria compared with chest radiograph for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children under 5 years of age presenting to an emergency department (ED) in Nepal.

Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of children presenting to an ED with respiratory complaints in Nepal was conducted. It included all children under 5 years of age with cough or difficulty breathing who received a chest radiograph. Paediatric pneumonia was diagnosed according to WHO criteria when a child presented with a cough or difficulty breathing and met the age-related WHO-defined respiratory rate for tachypnoea. The criterion standard was radiographic pneumonia. The primary outcome was the sensitivity and specificity of the WHO criteria for diagnosis of pneumonia.

Results: Of 324 patients enrolled, 72 had radiographic pneumonia. The median (IQR) age was 17 (23) months. Overall, WHO criteria had a sensitivity of 71% (95% CI 59-81) and specificity of 57% (95% CI 50-63). Respiratory rate had poor diagnostic accuracy for pneumonia with an area under the curve of 0.65.

Conclusion: The WHO criteria had poor sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children presenting to the ED in a resource-limited setting.

Keywords: Nepal; Preschool; diagnosis; low- and middle-income countries; pneumonia.