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Comparative Study
. 2021 Jan 1:278:54-56.
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.049. Epub 2020 Sep 13.

Acute grief after deaths due to COVID-19, natural causes and unnatural causes: An empirical comparison

Maarten C Eisma  1 , Aerjen Tamminga  2 , Geert E Smid  3 , Paul A Boelen  4
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Acute grief after deaths due to COVID-19, natural causes and unnatural causes: An empirical comparison

Maarten C Eisma et al. J Affect Disord. .

Abstract

Background: There are now over 800,000 registered deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. Researchers have suggested that COVID-19 death characteristics (e.g., intensive care admission, unexpected death) and circumstances (e.g., secondary stressors, social isolation) will precipitate a worldwide increase of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD). Yet, no study has investigated this. Since acute grief is a strong predictor of future pathological grief, we compared grief levels among people recently bereaved due to COVID-19, natural, and unnatural causes.

Methods: People bereaved through COVID-19 (n = 49), natural causes (n = 1182), and unnatural causes (n = 210), completed self-report measures of demographic and loss-related characteristics and PGD and PCBD symptoms.

Results: COVID-19 bereavement yielded higher symptom levels of PGD (d = 0.42) and PCBD (d = 0.35) than natural bereavement (but not unnatural bereavement). Effects held when limiting analyses to recent losses and those who participated during the pandemic. Expectedness of the death explained this effect.

Limitations: Limitations include using a convenience sample and self-report measures.

Conclusions: Higher grief levels occur among people bereaved due to COVID-19 compared to people bereaved due to natural loss. We predict that pandemic-related increases in pathological grief will become a worldwide public health concern.

Keywords: Bereavement; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Grief; Prolonged grief disorder.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

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