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. 2020 Sep 17;10(9):1333.
doi: 10.3390/biom10091333.

Mulinane- and Azorellane-Type Diterpenoids: A Systematic Review of Their Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Pharmacology

Angel de Jesús Dzul-Beh  1 , Andrés Humberto Uc-Cachón  1 , Jorge Bórquez  2 , Luis A Loyola  2 , Luis Manuel Peña-Rodríguez  3 , Gloria María Molina-Salinas  1
Affiliations

Mulinane- and Azorellane-Type Diterpenoids: A Systematic Review of Their Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Pharmacology

Angel de Jesús Dzul-Beh et al. Biomolecules. .

Abstract

Mulinane- and azorellane-type diterpenoids have unique tricyclic fused five-, six-, and seven-membered systems and a wide range of biological properties, including antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, spermicidal, gastroprotective, and anti-inflammatory, among others. These secondary metabolites are exclusive constituents of medicinal plants belonging to the Azorella, Laretia, and Mulinum genera. In the last 30 years, more than 95 mulinanes and azorellanes have been reported, 49 of them being natural products, 4 synthetics, and the rest semisynthetic and biotransformed derivatives. This systematic review highlights the biosynthetic origin, the chemistry, and the pharmacological activities of this remarkably interesting group of diterpenoids.

Keywords: antimycobacterial; antiulcer; azorellane; diterpenoids; mulinane.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Carbon skeletons of mulinane (a) and azorellane (b) diterpenoids.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Biosynthetic pathway to mulinane and azorellane diterpenoid skeletons. GGPP: geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; S-GLPP: S-geranyllinaloyl pyrophosphate; OPP: Pyrophosphate [11].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Natural mulinane and azorellane diterpenoids.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Natural mulinane and azorellane diterpenoids.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Synthetic mulinanes diterpenoids.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Semisynthetic mulinane diterpenoids.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Biotransformed mulinane diterpenoids.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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