Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2020 Dec;77(12):3809-3820.
doi: 10.1007/s00284-020-02213-x. Epub 2020 Sep 21.

Dynamic Propagation and Impact of Pandemic Influenza A (2009 H1N1) in Children: A Detailed Review

Yashwant Kumar Ratre  1 , Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma  1 , L V K S Bhaskar  2 , Henu Kumar Verma  3
Affiliations
Review

Dynamic Propagation and Impact of Pandemic Influenza A (2009 H1N1) in Children: A Detailed Review

Yashwant Kumar Ratre et al. Curr Microbiol. 2020 Dec.

Abstract

Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the circulating Swine flu virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the unique blending strain of influenza A H1N1 2009 (Swine Flu) is a pandemic affecting several geographical regions, including India. Previous literature indicates that children are "drivers" of influenza pandemics. At present, satisfactory data were not available to accurately estimate the role of children in the spread of influenza (in particular 2009 pandemic influenza). However, the role of children in the spread of pandemics influenza is unclear. Several studies in children have indicated that the immunization program decreased the occurrence of influenza, emphasizing the significance of communities impacted by global immunization programs. This article provides a brief overview on how children are a key contributor to pandemic Influenza A (2009 H1N1) and we would like to draw your attention to the need for a new vaccine for children to improve disease prevention and a positive impact on the community.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The swine is a potential source for reassortment and mixing of influenza A viruses. The antigenic and genetic similarities between avian, human and swine influenza A viruses (IAV) make swine more susceptible to infected by both avian and human influenza strains. IAV from swine can also infect human. Avian and human Swine flu virus glycoprotein (HA) is preferentially binds to α-2, 3 and α-2, 6 SA receptors, which are independently expressed on the cells of respiratory track, whereas swine can express both types of SA receptors proving that swine act as a “mixing vessel” for avian and human influenza A viruses and that reassortant virus combination is responsible for the origin of novel pandemic influenza A (2009 H1N1) virus which effect in children age group. Children are highly susceptible to seasonal as well as influenza A infection and play key role in spreading “human to human” influenza infection. Re-entry of human IAV H1N1 to swine may give rise to a novel future influenza A strain which may further leads to pandemic/epidemic. Solid lines: Represent confirmed infection events, Dotted line: Depicted occasional infection event
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Wang X, Li Y, O'Brien KL, Madhi SA, Widdowson MA, et al. Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(4):e497–e510. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30545-5. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095–2128. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Saunders-Hastings PR, Krewski D. Reviewing the history of pandemic influenza: understanding patterns of emergence and transmission. Pathogens. 2016 doi: 10.3390/pathogens5040066. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Shu B, Garten R, Emery S, Balish A, Cooper L, et al. Genetic analysis and antigenic characterization of swine origin influenza viruses isolated from humans in the United States, 1990–2010. Virology. 2012;422(1):151–160. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.10.016. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chastagner A, Bonin E, Fablet C, Quéguiner S, Hirchaud E, et al. Virus persistence in pig herds led to successive reassortment events between swine and human influenza A viruses, resulting in the emergence of a novel triple-reassortant swine influenza virus. Vet Res. 2019;50(1):77. doi: 10.1186/s13567-019-0699-y. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Substances