An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before
sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal
government site.
The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the
official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
and transmitted securely.
Urination or micturition removes metabolic products and toxic wastes filtered from the kidneys and is a vital human bodily function. The micturition reflex requires a complex network of signals between the nervous system and the urinary tract. Urine storage and bladder emptying are highly dependent on these pathways.
Neurological function and anatomic abnormalities can involve many disease states and disorders, such as incontinence, bladder outlet obstruction, urinary retention, vesicoureteral reflux, incomplete emptying, detrusor overactivity, or infections (see Image. Urinary System).
Lescay HA, Jiang J, Leslie SW, Tuma F. StatPearls [Internet] StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): 2024. May 5, Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis Ureter.
Hickling DR, Sun TT, Wu XR. Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary Tract: Relation to Host Defense and Microbial Infection. Microbiol Spectr. 2015 Aug;3(4)
-
PMC
-
PubMed
Elbadawi A. Functional anatomy of the organs of micturition. Urol Clin North Am. 1996 May;23(2):177-210.
-
PubMed
Matuszewski MA, Tupikowski K, Dołowy Ł, Szymańska B, Dembowski J, Zdrojowy R. Uroplakins and their potential applications in urology. Cent European J Urol. 2016;69(3):252-257.
-
PMC
-
PubMed
Liang FX, Bosland MC, Huang H, Romih R, Baptiste S, Deng FM, Wu XR, Shapiro E, Sun TT. Cellular basis of urothelial squamous metaplasia: roles of lineage heterogeneity and cell replacement. J Cell Biol. 2005 Dec 05;171(5):835-44.
-
PMC
-
PubMed
