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. 2020 Sep 4:159:1-34.
doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.159.51500. eCollection 2020.

Phylogeny and species delimitation in Silene sect. Arenosae (Caryophyllaceae): a new section

Frida Eggens  1 , Farzaneh Jafari  2   3 , Mikael Thollesson  4 , Simon Crameri  5 , Shahin Zarre  2 , Bengt Oxelman  3   6
Affiliations

Phylogeny and species delimitation in Silene sect. Arenosae (Caryophyllaceae): a new section

Frida Eggens et al. PhytoKeys. .

Abstract

A putatively monophyletic group of annual Silene species is revised taxonomically and described as the new section S. sect. Arenosae. The species of this section were previously treated as a part of a widely circumscribed and polyphyletic S. sect. Rigidulae. Silene sect. Arenosae as circumscribed here consists of nine species. Members of the section show a predominantly E Mediterranean to SW Asian distribution pattern from Turkey southward to Egypt and eastward to Iran and Pakistan, although most of the species have a limited distribution range. The species of S. sect. Arenosae are characterized by narrowly lanceolate calyx teeth, which are often highly polymorphic, and lanceolate to oblanceolate (non-spathulate) basal leaves. The provided taxonomic revision is based on morphological characters and supported by phylogenetic analyses of two nuclear loci (nrITS and an intron of the RPB2 gene) and one chloroplast locus (the intron of the rps16 gene). The species descriptions are formalized using a novel implementation of the Prometheus Description Model.

Keywords: Caryophyllaceae; Silene; Plant taxonomy; integrative taxonomy; phylogenetics; systematics; taxonomic description models.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Species tree from two STACEY runs and three unlinked regions (ITS, RPB2, rps16). Posterior probabilities >0.75 are shown above branches. The number following the taxonomic name is the specimen ID (Suppl. material 1). Scale bar reflects the number of substitutions per site.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Similarity matrix calculated using SpeciesDelimationAnalyser v.1.2.5 (speciesDA.jar, http://www.indriid.com/software.html).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of the ITS sequences including 76 taxa. The trees were summarized in a 50% majority-rule consensus tree with the posterior probabilities (PP) indicated above branches. Bootstrap support values (>75%) based on MP and ML are noted below branches, respectively. The numbers following the taxonomic name indicate the specimen ID and Genbank numbers (Suppl. material 1), respectively.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of the rps16 sequences including 71 taxa. The trees were summarized in a 50% majority-rule consensus tree with the posterior probabilities (PP) indicated above branches. Bootstrap support values (>75%) based on MP and ML are noted below branches, respectively. The numbers following the taxonomic name indicate the specimen ID and Genbank numbers (Suppl. material 1), respectively.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of the RPB2 sequences including 76 taxa. The trees were summarized in a 50% majority-rule consensus tree with the posterior probabilities (PP) indicated above branches. Bootstrap support values (>75%) based on MP and ML are noted below branches, respectively. The numbers following the taxonomic name indicate the specimen ID and Genbank numbers (Suppl. material 1), respectively.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Different types of calyx teeth. ASilene linearis (M. Bierkamp & P. Zinth 177 BSB) BSilene austroiranica (Rechinger 10772 B) CSilene corinthiaca (B. Oxelman 1934 GB) DSilene georgievskyi (Rechinger 9828 B). A, B and D are representatives of S. section Arenosae. Illustrations by F. Eggens.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Distribution map of S. sect. Arenosae. Each color code corresponds to one taxon: AS. arenosaBS. austroiranicaCS. chaetodontaDS. exsudansES. georgievskyiFS. leyseroidesGS. linearisHS. microsperma subsp. cypriaIS. microsperma subsp. maritimaJS. microsperma subsp. microspermaKS. microsperma subsp. modestaLS. striata.
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