Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Mar;75(3):e13746.
doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13746. Epub 2020 Nov 3.

Assessment and characterisation of post-COVID-19 manifestations

Marwa Kamal  1 , Marwa Abo Omirah  2 , Amal Hussein  3 , Haitham Saeed  4
Affiliations

Assessment and characterisation of post-COVID-19 manifestations

Marwa Kamal et al. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Mar.

Abstract

Background: Post-COVID-19 symptoms and diseases appeared on many survivors from COVID-19 which are similar to that of the post-severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) fatigue. Hence, the study aims to investigate and characterise the manifestations which appear after eradication of the coronavirus infection and its relation to disease severity.

Method: About 287 survivors from COVID-19 were included in the study, each received a questionnaire divided into three main parts starting from subjects' demographic data, data about the COVID-19 status and other comorbidities of the subject, and finally data about post-COVID-19 manifestations. Response surface plots were produced to visualise the link between several factors.

Results: Only 10.8% of all subjects have no manifestation after recovery from the disease while a large percentage of subjects suffered from several symptoms and diseases. The most common symptom reported was fatigue (72.8%), more critical manifestations like stroke, renal failure, myocarditis and pulmonary fibrosis were reported by a few percent of the subjects. There was a relationship between the presence of other comorbidities and severity of the disease. Also, the severity of COVID-19 was related to the severity of post-COVID-19 manifestations.

Conclusion: The post-COVID-19 manifestation is largely similar to the post-SARS syndrome. All subjects recovered from COVID-19 should undergo long-term monitoring for evaluation and treatment of symptoms and conditions that might be precipitated with the new coronavirus infection.

Keywords: COVID-19; fatigue; post-COVID-19 manifestations; pulmonary fibrosis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None declared.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Response surface plot showing the relationship between age, comorbidities and severity of COVID‐19
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Response surface plot showing the relation between comorbidities, the severity of COVID‐19 and severity of manifestations post‐COVID‐19
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Percentage of different post‐COVID‐19 manifestations that appeared on recovered COVID‐19 subjects
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Wu Z, McGoogan JMJJ. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. - PubMed
    1. COVID, C . Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)—United States. February 12–March 16, 2020. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wang D, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;23(11):1061‐1069. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mez J, Daneshvar DH, Kiernan PT, et al. Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football. JAMA. 2017;318(4):360‐370. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Udugama B, Kadhiresan P, Kozlowski HN, et al. Diagnosing COVID‐19: the disease and tools for detection. ACS Nano. 2020;14(4):3822‐3835. - PubMed