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Review
. 2020 Sep 27;17(19):7076.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17197076.

Sources of and Solutions to Toxic Metal and Metalloid Contamination in Small Rural Drinking Water Systems: A Rapid Review

J Wren Tracy  1 , Amy Guo  1 , Kaida Liang  1 , Jamie Bartram  1   2 , Michael Fisher  1
Affiliations
Review

Sources of and Solutions to Toxic Metal and Metalloid Contamination in Small Rural Drinking Water Systems: A Rapid Review

J Wren Tracy et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Exposure to toxic metals and metalloids (TMs) such as arsenic and lead at levels of concern is associated with lifelong adverse health consequences. As exposure to TMs from paint, leaded gasoline, canned foods, and other consumer products has decreased in recent decades, the relative contribution of drinking water to environmental TM exposure and associated disease burdens has increased. We conducted a rapid review from June to September 2019 to synthesize information on the sources of TM contamination in small rural drinking water systems and solutions to TM contamination from these sources, with an emphasis on actionable evidence applicable to small rural drinking water systems worldwide. We reviewed publications from five databases (ProQuest, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Global Health Library) as well as grey literature from expert groups including WHO, IWA, and others; findings from 61 eligible review publications were synthesized. Identified sources of TMs in included studies were natural occurrence (geogenic), catchment pollution, and corrosion of water distribution system materials. The review found general support for preventive over corrective actions. This review informs a useful planning and management framework for preventing and mitigating TM exposure from drinking water based on water supply characteristics, identified contamination sources, and other context-specific variables.

Keywords: correction; drinking water; heavy metals; low- and middle-income countries; prevention; rural water supply; toxic metals; water quality.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA diagram for a review of sources of and solutions to toxic metal and metalloid contamination in small rural drinking water systems.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Framework for the management of toxic metal and metalloid contamination.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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