The mycotoxin beauvericin impairs development, fertility and life span in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans accompanied by increased germ cell apoptosis and lipofuscin accumulation

Abstract

Beauvericin is an ubiquitous mycotoxin with relevant occurrence in food and feed. It causes a high toxicity in several cell lines, but its general mechanism of action is not fully understood and only limited in vivo studies have been performed. We used Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism to investigate effects of beauvericin. The mycotoxin displays a moderate acute toxicity at 100 μM; at this concentration also reproductive toxicity occurred (reduction of total progeny to 32.1 %), developmental toxicity was detectable at 250 μM. However, even lower concentrations were capable to reduce stress resistance and life span of the nematode: A significant reduction was detected at 10 μM beauvericin (decrease in mean survival time of 4.3 % and reduction in life span of 12.9 %). An increase in lipofuscin fluorescence was demonstrated starting at 10 μM suggesting oxidative stress as a mechanism of beauvericin toxicity. Beauvericin (100 μM) increases the number of apoptotic germ cells comparable to the positive control UV-C (400 J/m²). Conclusion: Low concentrations of beauvericin are capable to cause adverse effects in C. elegans, which may be relevant for hazard identification of this compound.

Keywords: Apoptosis; Beauvericin; Caenorhabditis elegans; Development; Fertility; Mycotoxin.