A meta-analytic evaluation of sex differences in meningococcal disease incidence rates in 10 countries

Abstract

The magnitude and consistency of the sex differences in meningococcal disease incidence rates (IR) have not been systematically examined in different age groups, countries and time periods. We obtained national data on meningococcal disease IR by sex, age group and time period, from 10 countries. We used meta-analytic methods to combine the male to female incidence rate ratios (IRRs) by country and year for each age group. Meta-regression analysis was used to assess the contribution of age, country and time period to the variation in the IRRs. The pooled male to female IRRs (with 95% CI) for ages 0-1, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-44, were 1.25 (1.19-1.32), 1.24 (1.20-1.29), 1.13 (1.07-1.20), 1.21 (1.13-1.29) and 1.15 (1.10-1.21), respectively. In the age groups 45-64 and over 65, the IR were lower in males with IRRs of 0.83 (0.78-0.88) and 0.64 (0.60-0.69), respectively. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression confirmed that the results were robust. The excess meningococcal IR in young males and the higher rates in females at older ages were consistent in all countries, except the Czech Republic. While behavioural factors could explain some of the sex differences in the older age groups, the excess rates in very young males suggest that genetic and hormonal differences could be important.

Keywords: incidence rate ratios; male predominance; meningococcal disease; meta-analysis; sex differences.

Fig. 1.

Forest plot of the male to female meningococcal disease IRR in infants (<1) for eight countries by time period. CI = 95% confidence interval.

Fig. 2.

Forest plot of the male to female meningococcal disease IRR for children at age 1–4 years, for eight countries by time period. CI = 95% confidence interval.

Fig. 3.

Forest plot of the male to female meningococcal disease IRR for children at age 5–9 years, for 10 countries by time period. CI = 95% confidence interval.

Fig. 4.

Forest plot of the male to female meningococcal disease IRR for children at age 10–14 years, for 10 countries by time period. CI = 95% confidence interval.

Fig. 5.

Forest plot of the male to female meningococcal disease IRR for young adults (15–44 or 15–39 years), for 10 countries by time period. CI = 95% confidence interval.

Fig. 6.

Forest plot of the male to female meningococcal disease IRR for middle age adults (45–64 or 40–59 years), for 10 countries by time period. CI = 95% confidence interval.

Fig. 7.

Forest plot of the male to female meningococcal disease IRR for senior adults (60+ or 65+ years), for 10 countries by time period. CI = 95% confidence interval.