Biological Functions of Prokaryotic Amyloids in Interspecies Interactions: Facts and Assumptions

Abstract

Amyloids are fibrillar protein aggregates with an ordered spatial structure called "cross-β". While some amyloids are associated with development of approximately 50 incurable diseases of humans and animals, the others perform various crucial physiological functions. The greatest diversity of amyloids functions is identified within prokaryotic species where they, being the components of the biofilm matrix, function as adhesins, regulate the activity of toxins and virulence factors, and compose extracellular protein layers. Amyloid state is widely used by different pathogenic bacterial species in their interactions with eukaryotic organisms. These amyloids, being functional for bacteria that produce them, are associated with various bacterial infections in humans and animals. Thus, the repertoire of the disease-associated amyloids includes not only dozens of pathological amyloids of mammalian origin but also numerous microbial amyloids. Although the ability of symbiotic microorganisms to produce amyloids has recently been demonstrated, functional roles of prokaryotic amyloids in host-symbiont interactions as well as in the interspecies interactions within the prokaryotic communities remain poorly studied. Here, we summarize the current findings in the field of prokaryotic amyloids, classify different interspecies interactions where these amyloids are involved, and hypothesize about their real occurrence in nature as well as their roles in pathogenesis and symbiosis.

Keywords: Omp; amyloid; bacteria; biofilm; host–pathogen; host–symbiont; interspecies interactions; microbial community; outer membrane protein; toxin.

Figure 1

Functions of prokaryotic amyloids in the interspecies interactions. Dots denote monomeric proteins, striated lines denote amyloid fibrils, and monomer-to-amyloid conversion is shown as a thin arrow. Thick arrows represent different types of interspecies interactions: red for Type I (host–pathogen), blue for Type II (interactions within microbial community), and green for Type III (host–symbiont). MTP—Mycobacterium tuberculosis pili; LLO—listeriolysin O; OMPs—outer membrane proteins; PSMs—phenol-soluble modulins.