Validation of a beef cattle maternal breeding objective based on a cross-sectional analysis of a large national cattle database

Abstract

Despite the importance of validating any technology prior to recommendation for use, few studies exist in the scientific literature which have demonstrated the superior performance of high-ranking animals in a given total merit index; this is especially true for maternal cattle selection indexes. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the impact of the Irish total merit maternal-based index and provide the benefits of using the Irish total merit maternal-based beef index as part of a breeding policy. The validation exercise was undertaken using 269,407 records (which included the cow's own records and her progeny records) from 92,300 females differing in a total merit index for maternal value; a comparison was also made with the Irish terminal index. Association analyses were undertaken within the framework of linear and threshold mixed models; the traits analyzed were fertility (e.g., calving interval), slaughter (e.g., harvest weight), live weight (e.g., weaning weight), and producer-recorded traits (e.g., docility). All traits were analyzed with the maternal index and terminal index fitted as covariate(s) separately. Depending on the independent variable analyzed, the other fixed effects included: parity of cow, heterosis and recombination loss of cow and/or progeny, gender of progeny, and the estimated breeding value of the sire; contemporary group was included as a random effect. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of using total merit indexes to improve performance in a whole range of different traits, despite the often antagonistic genetic correlations among traits that underpin the index. Cows excelling on the maternal index had less calving difficulty, superior fertility performance, lighter carcasses, and live weight, as well as being more easily managed. Additionally, progeny of higher maternal index cows were lighter at birth and more docile albeit with a small impact on slaughter traits. In contrast, higher terminal index cows had more calving difficulty, compromised fertility and had heavier carcasses themselves as well as their progeny. While the differences in phenotypic performance between groups on maternal index was, in most instances, relatively small, the benefits are: (1) expected to be greater when more genetically extreme groups of animals are evaluated and (2) expected to accumulate over time given the cumulative and permanent properties of breeding schemes.

Keywords: beef; carcass; fertility; genetic; index; phenotypic.

Figure 1.

Mean breed composition of cows in dataset.

Figure 2.

Genetic change, in genetic SD units of estimated breeding value (EBV), for replacement (solid black line) and terminal (dotted black line) indexes by year of first calving for females since 2000; the genetic SDs for maternal and terminal indexes were €76 and €74, respectively, both of which are based on EBV.

Figure 3.

Genetic change, in genetic SD units (in parentheses), of the estimated breeding value for direct calving difficulty (filled squares; 6.74%), maternal calving difficulty (open squares; 5.08%), gestation length (filled circles; 5.72 d), calf mortality at birth (open circles; 1.86 units), age at first calving (asterisks; 42.8 d), calving interval (filled triangles; 6.6 d), and cow survival (open triangles; 4.48%) by year of first calving for females since 2000.

Figure 4.

Genetic change, in genetic SD units (in parentheses), of the estimated breeding value for maternal weaning weight (filled squares; 22.2 kg), docility (open squares; 0.15 units), cow live weight (filled circles; 73.4 kg), cow carcass weight (open circles; 56.6 kg), progeny carcass conformation (asterisks; 2.50 units), progeny carcass fat score (filled triangles; 1.32 units), and progeny carcass weight (open triangles; 39.6 kg) by year of first calving for females since 2000.