Camillo Golgi (1843-1926): scientist extraordinaire and pioneer figure of modern neurology

Abstract

Camillo Golgi was an extraordinary scientist whose contributions in the domain of neuroanatomy proved to be critical for emergence of neuroscience as a sovereign scientific discipline. Golgi's invention of the Black Reaction (La reazione nera) was a watershed event as it allowed remarkable visualization of the organizational pattern of elements of nervous system among complex puzzle of close knit interconnections. Till this time thin filamentary extensions of neural cells (axon and dendrites) could not be visualized with available staining techniques because of their slender and transparent nature. However invention of Black Reaction and its subsequent application demystified the basic architecture of brain tissue which was now visible to the scholars in all its complexity in microscopic studies. Golgi is also credited with the discovery of two types of sensory receptors in muscle tendons: Golgi tendon organ and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles. Golgi was the first to be successful in staining myelin component of axon, which he used to discover the myelin annular apparatus. He identified the complete life cycle of Plasmodium (malarial parasite) in human erythrocytes. His research on histological details of human kidney highlighted the existence of juxtaglomerular apparatus. Later on Spanish scientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal, based on the use of Golgi's Staining (Black Reaction) documented the morphologic details of nervous system in a more refined manner, which eventually led to the emergence of Neuron Doctrine. In recognition of their exemplary contributions in neuroscience Golgi and Cajal were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1906.

Keywords: Black reaction; Cajal; Golgi; Neurology; Neuron doctrine; Nobel prize.

Fig. 1

A portrait of Camillo Golgi. Image in Public Domain and free from Copyright Issues. Source of Image: Wikimedia Commons.

Fig. 2

Figure showing microscopic picture of hippocampus stained with Black Reaction or Golgi’s Staining Technique. Histological plate prepared by Golgi himself. Image in Public Domain and free from Copyright Issues. Source of Image: Wikimedia Commons.

Fig. 3

Figure showing nerve cell stained with Black Reaction or Golgi’s Staining Technique. Histological plate prepared by Golgi himself. Image in Public Domain and free from Copyright Issues. Source of Image: Wikimedia Commons.

Fig. 4

Figure showing the Golgi’s Apparatus. This was the first picture of the scientific entity which was published by Golgi himself. Image in Public Domain and free from Copyright Issues. Source of Image: Wikimedia Commons.

Fig. 5

Figure showing the Cover Page of the First Volume of Opera Omnia (Collections of Published Documents of Camillo Golgi) which was published in 1903. Image in Public Domain and free from Copyright Issues. Source of Image: Wikimedia Commons.