A Spellbinding Interplay Between Biological Barcoding and Nanotechnology

Abstract

Great scientific research with improved potential in probing biological locales has remained a giant stride. The use of bio-barcodes with the potential use of nanotechnology is a hallmark being developed among recent advanced techniques. Biobarcoding is a novel method used for screening biomolecules to identify and divulge ragbag biodiversity. It establishes successful barcoding projects in the field of nanomedical technology for massively testing disease diagnosis and treatment. Biobarcoding and nanotechnology are recently developed technologies that provide unique opportunities and challenges for multiplex detection such as DNAs, proteins and nucleic acids of animals, plants, viruses, and various other species. These technologies also clump drug delivery, gene delivery, and DNA sequencing. Bio-barcode amplification assay (BCA) is used at large for the detection and identification of proteins and DNAs. DNA barcoding combined with nanotechnology has been proven highly sensitive rendering fast uniplex and multiplex detection of pathogens in food, blood, and other specimens. This review takes a panoramic view of current advances in nano bio-barcodes which have been summarized to explore additional applications such as detection of cytokines, neurotransmitters, cancer markers, prostate-specific antigens, and allergens. In the future, it will also be possible to detect some fungi, algae, protozoa, and other pollutants in food, agriculture, and clinical samples. Using these technologies, specific and efficient sensors would possibly be developed that can perform swift detections of antigens, allergens, and other specimens.

Keywords: barcoded nanoparticles; biobarcoding; cytokines; nano-barcoding; nano-biosensors; nanotechnology; nucleic acids; proteins.

FIGURE 1

An illustration of nonfluorescent bioassay using bio–barcoded nanowires. (A) DNA strands labeled A–C are likely to be not complementary to the respective primed counterparts (A′–C′). The strands double prime (″) labeled are likely to link the respective sequences to their primed counterparts through complementary DNA hybridization. (B) The striped particles are derivatized using capture antibody (a), analyte (b), and the fluorescent labeled detection antibody addition (c). (C) The striped particles are derivatized through NeutrAvidin (NA), a biotinylated capture sequence’s reaction (a), a special phase analyte (b), and fluorescent labeled oligonucleotides for detection (c).

FIGURE 2

Schematic illustration of DNA barcoding assay.

FIGURE 3

Schematic illustration of detection of three bacterial species by barcode-quantum dot assay.

FIGURE 4

Schematic illustration of detection of interleukin-II using DNA barcoding and nanotechnology.

FIGURE 5

Quantification of norepinephrine.

FIGURE 6

Schematic illustration of analysis of tumor sensitivity of anticancer drugs.

FIGURE 7

Schematic illustration of the formation of sensing interface using aptamers with AuNPs.

FIGURE 8

Detection of allergens by MALDI-MS. Legends: MALDI, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization; MS, Mass spectrometry.

FIGURE 9

Schematic illustration of detection of HIV p24 antigen using barcoding and nanotechnology. Legends: MMPs, Matrix metalloproteinases; 1G12 mAB, 1G12 monocolonal antibody. GNPs, Gold nanoparticles; and PCR, polymerase chain reaction.

FIGURE 10

The affinity of barcoded AgNPs to their respective tumor cell receptors. Legends: NRP-1, neuropilin-1, SGKRK, a peptide name, AgNPs, silver nanoparticles, PPC1, cancer cell line type, and M21, melanoma cancer cell line type.