Effects of Resistance Training and Bowdichia virgilioides Hydroethanolic Extract on Oxidative Stress Markers in Rats Submitted to Peripheral Nerve Injury

Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of the combination of resistance training (RT) and the hydroethanolic extract (EHE) of Bowdichia virgilioides as markers of oxidative stress (OS) in rats with peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Rats were allocated into six groups (n = 10): animals without interventions (C), animals with an exposed nerve but without injury, injured animals, trained and injured animals, injured animals that received EHE, and animals that received a combination of RT and EHE. RT comprised the climbing of stairs. EHE was orally administered (200 mg/kg) for 21 days after PNI induction. RT reduced the amount of lipoperoxidation in plasma (14.11%). EHE reduced lipoperoxidation in the plasma (20.72%) and the brain (41.36). RT associated with the extract simultaneously reduced lipoperoxidation in the plasma (34.23%), muscle (25.13%), and brain (43.98%). There was an increase in total sulhydrilyl levels (a) in the brain (33.33%) via RT; (b) in the brain (44.44%) and muscle (44.51%) using EHE; and (c) in the plasma (54.02%), brain (54.25%), and muscle using the combination of RT + EHE. These results suggest that RT associated with oral EHE results in a decrease in OS.

Keywords: oxidative stress; peripheral nerve injury; resistance training; skeletal muscle.

Figure 1

Study design.

Figure 2

Chromatographic profile of the electrohyroalcoholic extract (EHE) of B. virgilioides under the conditions of exploratory gradient water/methanol (5–100%) in a 280-nm wave, Dos Santos [27].

Figure 3

Effects of the hydroethanolic extract of B. virgilioides on the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) formed by the lipid peroxidation induced by AAPH (A) and FeSO₄ (B). Results are presented as concentration of malondialdehyde formed (nmol mL⁻¹). Values are expressed as means ± standard error of the mean. The letters “a” and “b” when repeated indicate statistical differences between the groups (n = 3). Statistical analysis was determined by via one-way ANOVA (Bonferroni post-hoc test, p < 0.05).

Figure 4

Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (nmol eqMDA/mL) after interventions in the different groups: C, control group; S, sham group; L, injury group; LE, injury + extract group; LT, injury + training group; LTE, injury + training + extract group. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 10 in each group). The letters “a”, “b”, “c”, “d” and “e” when repeated indicate statistical differences between the groups as determined by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction.

Figure 5

Plasma sulfhydryl (SH) analysis. Plasma sulfhydryl (SH) levels (nmol/mL) after interventions in the different groups: C, control group; S, sham group; L, injury group; LE, injury + extract group; LT, injury + training group; LTE, injury + training + extract group. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 10 in each group). The letters “a”, “b”, “c”, “d” and “e” when repeated indicate statistical differences between the groups as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc correction.

Figure 6

Assessment of MDA levels in the right gastrocnemius muscle. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (nmolEq-MDA/mL) in the gastrocnemius muscle after interventions in the different groups: C, control group; S, sham group; L, injury group; LE, injury + extract group; LT, injury + training group; LTE, injury + training + extract group. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 10 in each group). The letters “a”, “b”, “c”, “d” and “e” when repeated indicate statistical differences between the groups as determined by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction.

Figure 7

Evaluation of SH levels in the right gastrocnemius muscle. Sulfhydryl levels in the gastrocnemius muscle (nmol/mL) after interventions in the different groups: C, control group; S, sham group; L, injury group; LE, injury + extract group; LT, injury + training group; LTE, injury + training + extract group. Equal The letters “a”, “b”, “c” and “d” when repeated indicate statistical differences between the groups as determined by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction.

Figure 8

Analysis of MDA levels in the brain. Brain malondialdehyde levels (nmolEq-MDA/mL) after interventions in the different groups: C, control group; S, sham group; L, injury group; LE, injury + extract group; LT, injury + training group; LTE, injury + training + extract group. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 10 in each group). The letters “a”, “b”, “c” and “d” when repeated indicate statistical differences between the groups as determined by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction.

Figure 9

Evaluation of SH levels in the brain. Brain sulfhydryl levels (nmol/mL) after interventions in the different groups: C, control group; S, sham group; L, injury group; LE, injury + extract group; LT, injury + training group; LTE, injury + training + extract group. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 10 in each group). The letters “a”, “b” and “c” when repeated indicate statistical differences between the groups as determined by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc corrections.

Figure 10

Analysis of MDA levelsin the liver. Malondialdehyde levels (nmolEq-MDA/mL) in the liver after interventions in the different groups: C, control group; S, sham group; L, injury group; LE, injury + extract group; LT, injury + training group; LTE, injury + training + extract group. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 10 in each group). The letters “a”, “b”, “c”, “d” and “e” when repeated indicate statistical differences between the groups as determined by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction.

Figure 11

Assessment of SH levels in liver tissue. Sulfhydryl levels (nmol/mL) in the liver after intervention in the different groups: C, control group; S, sham group; L, injury group; LE, injury + extract group; LT, injury + training group; LTE, injury + training + extract group. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 10 in each group).