Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2020 Oct 6;20(19):5699.
doi: 10.3390/s20195699.

Vital Sign Monitoring in Car Seats Based on Electrocardiography, Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography: A Review

Michaela Sidikova  1 , Radek Martinek  1 , Aleksandra Kawala-Sterniuk  2 , Martina Ladrova  1 , Rene Jaros  1 , Lukas Danys  1 , Petr Simonik  1
Affiliations
Review

Vital Sign Monitoring in Car Seats Based on Electrocardiography, Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography: A Review

Michaela Sidikova et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

This paper focuses on a thorough summary of vital function measuring methods in vehicles. The focus of this paper is to summarize and compare already existing methods integrated into car seats with the implementation of inter alia capacitive electrocardiogram (cECG), mechanical motion analysis Ballistocardiography (BCG) and Seismocardiography (SCG). In addition, a comprehensive overview of other methods of vital sign monitoring, such as camera-based systems or steering wheel sensors, is also presented in this article. Furthermore, this work contains a very thorough background study on advanced signal processing methods and their potential application for the purpose of vital sign monitoring in cars, which is prone to various disturbances and artifacts occurrence that have to be eliminated.

Keywords: ballistocardiography; car seats; electrocardiography; electroencephalography; seismocardiography; sensors; signal processing; vital sign monitoring.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Number of drivers who died while driving due to health reasons, according to statistics from the Police of the Czech Republic.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The incidence of diseases having a major impact.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Location of sensors in the car seat and their signals.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Frequency ranges—visible, near-infrared, far-infrared—usable for optical monitoring techniques.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The locations for the cameras. Locations can be distinguished by the angle of attack ρ.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Noisy vital signal obtained by conventional algorithm—during motion period.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Overview of signal processing methods and car seat. (a) BCG signal processing and (b) SCG signal processing.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Leonhardt S., Leicht L., Teichmann D. Unobtrusive vital sign monitoring in automotive environments—A review. Sensors. 2018;18:3080. doi: 10.3390/s18093080. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhou X., Wingert T., Sauer M., Kundu S. Development of a camera-based driver state monitoring system for cost-effective embedded solution. SAE Int. 2020;1:1–8.
    1. Jesudoss A., Muthuram B., Lourdson Emmanuel A. Safe driving using iot sensor. Int. J. Pure Appl. Math. 2018;118:3745–3751.
    1. Boyraz P., Acar M., Kerr D. Multi-sensor driver monitoring and assistance system using state-of-the-art signal modelling; Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Detroit, MI, USA. 5–8 June 2017.
    1. Henni K., Mezghani N., Gouin-Vallerand C., Ruer P., Ouakrim Y., Vallières É. Feature selection for driving fatigue characterization and detection using visual- and signal-based sensors. Appl. Inform. 2018;5:7. doi: 10.1186/s40535-018-0054-9. - DOI