The History of Hepatitis A

Abstract

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Fig 1

Identification of HAV particles in stools, by Feinstone et al., ¹ using immune electron microscopy. Reproduced with permission from Science. ¹ Copyright 1973, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Fig 2

Rates of reported acute HAV infection, by age group, in the US, 2002 to 2017. Reproduced from CDC, National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Hepatitis A Tables and Figures. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2017surveillance/tablesFigures-HepA.htm#tabs-1-6. Accessed April 10, 2020. ⁸²

Fig 3

Global map of prevalence of HAV immunity (2005). Reproduced with permission from International Journal of Health Geographics. ³⁶ Copyright 2011, BioMed Central Ltd.

Fig 4

The golden thrush Yellow tail oriole, Icterus nigrogularis. Photo by Félix Uribe, covered under Attribution‐ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY‐SA 2.0).

Fig 5

Stephen Feinstone, Robert Purcell, and Albert Kapikian. Identification of HAV by electron microscopy at the US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Photo courtesy of Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum, U.S. National Institutes of Health.

Fig 6

Stanley M. Lemon, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, a virologist and leader in investigation of hepatotropic RNA viruses.

Fig 7

(A) Maurice R. Hilleman (1919‐2005) led the development of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine at MSD, ⁹ , ⁷³ “the most successful vaccinologist in history,” as described by Dr. Robert Gallo at the US National Institutes of Health. Reproduced with permission from Merck Archives. (B) Francis Andre, the late Vice President and Senior Medical Director at GSK Biologicals in Belgium who led the GSK hepatitis A vaccine program. ⁷² Courtesy of Blaine Hollinger.

Fig 8

Cumulative rates of symptomatic infection with HAV in the hepatitis A vaccine and control group trial in Thailand. HAV vaccine or control vaccine was administered at 0, 1, and 12 months. Reproduced with permission from JAMA. ³² Copyright 1994, American Medical Association.

Fig 9

Quarterly follow‐up (1985‐2000) of new hepatitis A cases in the Monroe community following the clinical vaccine efficacy trial in 1993. ³¹ Reproduced with permission from Vaccine. ⁸² Copyright 2002, Elsevier.

Fig 10

Impact of UMV of toddlers on the overall incidence of acute hepatitis A in Israel. UMV was started in 1999 with administration of an inactivated HAV vaccine, HAVRIX, at 10 μg/dose, at 18 and 24 months of age. ²⁴ Reproduced with permission from Journal of Hepatology. ²⁴ Copyright 2018, European Association for the Study of the Liver.