Environmental risk factors for endometriosis: A critical evaluation of studies and recommendations from the epidemiologic perspective

Abstract

Purpose of review: Recent studies of environmental chemicals and endometriosis were critically evaluated from the epidemiologic perspective to identify aspects of study design and analyses that may contribute to discrepant results across studies.

Recent findings: Of the 29 studies reviewed, 12 studies used new approaches to population-based sampling. The remaining studies were conducted primarily among patients undergoing pelvic surgery; controls may not represent the exposure experience of the underlying study base, resulting in biased estimates of associations. Most studies used biologic specimens collected near diagnosis and varied in analytic approaches to minimize bias. Few studies investigated ovarian, deep-infiltrating, and peritoneal endometriosis presentations separately.

Summary: Recommendations to move the field forward include: (1) control selection from a defined study base, (2) exposure characterization during the etiologically-relevant window, (3) employment of best practices to minimize bias in analyses, and (4) separate consideration of endometriosis presentations that may be etiologically-distinct entities.

Keywords: bisphenol A; endometriosis; environment; metals; persistent organic pollutants; phthalates.