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Review
. 2020 Oct 8;21(19):7409.
doi: 10.3390/ijms21197409.

Genetic Aspects of Inflammation and Immune Response in Stroke

Dejan Nikolic  1   2 , Milena Jankovic  3 , Bojana Petrovic  4 , Ivana Novakovic  1
Affiliations
Review

Genetic Aspects of Inflammation and Immune Response in Stroke

Dejan Nikolic et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Genetic determinants play important role in the complex processes of inflammation and immune response in stroke and could be studied in different ways. Inflammation and immunomodulation are associated with repair processes in ischemic stroke, and together with the concept of preconditioning are promising modes of stroke treatment. One of the important aspects to be considered in the recovery of patients after the stroke is a genetic predisposition, which has been studied extensively. Polymorphisms in a number of candidate genes, such as IL-6, BDNF, COX2, CYPC19, and GPIIIa could be associated with stroke outcome and recovery. Recent GWAS studies pointed to the variant in genesPATJ and LOC as new genetic markers of long term outcome. Epigenetic regulation of immune response in stroke is also important, with mechanisms of histone modifications, DNA methylation, and activity of non-coding RNAs. These complex processes are changing from acute phase over the repair to establishing homeostasis or to provoke exaggerated reaction and death. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of stroke cures might also be evaluated in the context of immuno-inflammation and brain plasticity. Potential novel genetic treatment modalities are challenged but still in the early phase of the investigation.

Keywords: genetics; inflammation; recovery; stroke; treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Spatio-temporal pattern of epigenetic regulation in immune response in stroke. The scheme is highlighting multidimensional relations of the immune system and epigenetic mechanisms in different stroke zones over time. Stroke is unequally affecting brain tissues, with irreversible neuronal damage in stroke core and metabolic changes with the possibility counteract tissue injury in the penumbra area. Additionally, stroke is provoking immune response leading to inflammation and starting an immune cascade with consequences not only in the brain but also in the whole organism. Alteration of immune function is conducted through complex epigenetic regulation which is sensitive to temporal changes in the tissue microenvironment.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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