Targeting high risk forest goers for malaria elimination: a novel approach for investigating forest malaria to inform program intervention in Vietnam

Abstract

Background: Individuals that work and sleep in remote forest and farm locations in the Greater Mekong Subregion continue to remain at high risk of both acquiring and transmitting malaria. These difficult-to-access population groups largely fall outside the reach of traditional village-centered interventions, presenting operational challenges for malaria programs. In Vietnam, over 60% of malaria cases are thought to be individuals who sleep in forests or on farms. New malaria elimination strategies are needed in countries where mobile and migrant workers frequently sleep outside of their homes. The aim of this study was to apply targeted surveillance-response based investigative approaches to gather location-specific data on confirmed malaria cases, with an objective to identify associated malaria prevention, treatment and risk behaviors of individuals sleeping in remote forest and farms sites in Vietnam.

Methods: A cross-sectional study using novel targeted reactive investigative approaches at remote area sleeping sites was conducted in three mountainous communes in Phu Yen province in 2016. Index cases were defined as individuals routinely sleeping in forests or farms who had tested positive for malaria. Index cases and non-infected neighbors from forest and farm huts within 500 m of the established sleeping locations of index cases were interviewed at their remote-area sleeping sites.

Results: A total of 307 participants, 110 index cases and 197 neighbors, were enrolled. Among 93 participants who slept in the forest, index cases were more likely to make > 5 trips to the forest per year (prevalence odds ratio (POR) 7.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.66-20.63), sleep in huts without walls (POR 44.00, 95% CI 13.05-148.33), sleep without mosquito nets (POR 2.95, 95% CI 1.26-6.92), and work after dark (POR 5.48, 95% CI 1.84-16.35). Of the 204 farm-based respondents, a significantly higher proportion of index cases were involved in non-farming activities (logging) (POR 2.74, 95% CI 1.27-5.91).

Conclusion: Investigative approaches employed in this study allowed for the effective recruitment and characterization of high-priority individuals frequently sleeping in remote forest and farm locations, providing relevant population and site-specific data that decision makers can use to design and implement targeted interventions to support malaria elimination.

Keywords: Forest malaria; Greater Mekong subregion, Vietnam; Malaria elimination; Mobile and migrant populations.

Fig. 1

Study location site overlaid on digital elevation model data illustrating major mountain ranges in Vietnam. Custom map produced by the authors using MapInfo Professional v15.0.2 (Pitney Bowes Software Inc. 2015, Stamford, CT; https://www.pitneybowes.com)

Fig. 2

Index case remote area forest and forest fringe sleeping site locations map*. Custom map produced by the authors using MapInfo Professional v15.0.2 (Pitney Bowes Software Inc. 2015, Stamford, CT; https://www.pitneybowes.com) (*tree cover canopy percentage spatial layer adapted from 30 m resolution global land cover satellite imagery spatial modelling data [27])