Gravitational Test beyond the First Post-Newtonian Order with the Shadow of the M87 Black Hole

Dimitrios Psaltis¹, Lia Medeiros², Pierre Christian¹, Feryal Özel¹, Kazunori Akiyama^{3

4

5

6}, Antxon Alberdi⁷, Walter Alef⁸, Keiichi Asada⁹, Rebecca Azulay^{8

10

11}, David Ball¹, Mislav Baloković^{6

12}, John Barrett⁴, Dan Bintley¹³, Lindy Blackburn^{6

12}, Wilfred Boland¹⁴, Geoffrey C Bower¹⁵, Michael Bremer¹⁶, Christiaan D Brinkerink¹⁷, Roger Brissenden^{6

12}, Silke Britzen⁸, Dominique Broguiere¹⁶, Thomas Bronzwaer¹⁷, Do-Young Byun^{18

19}, John E Carlstrom^{20

21

22

23}, Andrew Chael²⁴, Chi-Kwan Chan^{1

25}, Shami Chatterjee²⁶, Koushik Chatterjee²⁷, Ming-Tang Chen¹⁵, Yongjun Chen^{28

29}, Ilje Cho^{18

19}, John E Conway³⁰, James M Cordes²⁶, Geoffrey B Crew⁴, Yuzhu Cui^{31

32}, Jordy Davelaar¹⁷, Mariafelicia De Laurentis^{33

34

35}, Roger Deane^{36

37}, Jessica Dempsey¹³, Gregory Desvignes³⁸, Jason Dexter³⁹, Ralph P Eatough⁸, Heino Falcke¹⁷, Vincent L Fish⁴, Ed Fomalont³, Raquel Fraga-Encinas¹⁷, Per Friberg¹³, Christian M Fromm³⁴, Charles F Gammie^{40

41}, Roberto García¹⁶, Olivier Gentaz¹⁶, Ciriaco Goddi^{17

42}, José L Gómez⁷, Minfeng Gu^{28

43}, Mark Gurwell¹², Kazuhiro Hada^{31

32}, Ronald Hesper⁴⁴, Luis C Ho^{45

46}, Paul Ho⁹, Mareki Honma^{31

32

47}, Chih-Wei L Huang⁹, Lei Huang^{28

43}, David H Hughes⁴⁸, Makoto Inoue⁹, Sara Issaoun¹⁷, David J James^{6

12}, Buell T Jannuzi¹, Michael Janssen¹⁷, Wu Jiang²⁸, Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales⁴⁹, Michael D Johnson^{6

12}, Svetlana Jorstad^{50

51}, Taehyun Jung^{18

19}, Mansour Karami^{52

53}, Ramesh Karuppusamy⁸, Tomohisa Kawashima⁵, Garrett K Keating¹², Mark Kettenis⁵⁴, Jae-Young Kim⁸, Junhan Kim^{1

55}, Jongsoo Kim¹⁸, Motoki Kino^{5

56}, Jun Yi Koay⁹, Patrick M Koch⁹, Shoko Koyama⁹, Michael Kramer⁸, Carsten Kramer¹⁶, Thomas P Krichbaum⁸, Cheng-Yu Kuo⁵⁷, Tod R Lauer⁵⁸, Sang-Sung Lee¹⁸, Yan-Rong Li⁵⁹, Zhiyuan Li^{60

61}, Michael Lindqvist³⁰, Rocco Lico^{7

8}, Jun Liu⁸, Kuo Liu⁸, Elisabetta Liuzzo⁶², Wen-Ping Lo^{9

63}, Andrei P Lobanov⁸, Colin Lonsdale⁴, Ru-Sen Lu^{8

28

29}, Jirong Mao^{64

65

66}, Sera Markoff^{27

67}, Daniel P Marrone¹, Alan P Marscher⁵⁰, Iván Martí-Vidal^{10

11}, Satoki Matsushita⁹, Yosuke Mizuno^{34

68}, Izumi Mizuno¹³, James M Moran^{6

12}, Kotaro Moriyama^{4

31}, Monika Moscibrodzka¹⁷, Cornelia Müller^{8

17}, Gibwa Musoke^{17

27}, Alejandro Mus Mejías^{10

11}, Hiroshi Nagai^{5

32}, Neil M Nagar⁶⁹, Ramesh Narayan^{6

12}, Gopal Narayanan⁷⁰, Iniyan Natarajan³⁷, Roberto Neri¹⁶, Aristeidis Noutsos⁸, Hiroki Okino^{31

47}, Héctor Olivares³⁴, Tomoaki Oyama³¹, Daniel C M Palumbo^{6

12}, Jongho Park⁹, Nimesh Patel¹², Ue-Li Pen^{52

71

72

73}, Vincent Piétu¹⁶, Richard Plambeck⁷⁴, Aleksandar PopStefanija⁷⁰, Ben Prather⁴⁰, Jorge A Preciado-López⁵², Venkatessh Ramakrishnan⁶⁹, Ramprasad Rao¹⁵, Mark G Rawlings¹³, Alexander W Raymond^{6

12}, Bart Ripperda^{75

76}, Freek Roelofs¹⁷, Alan Rogers⁴, Eduardo Ros⁸, Mel Rose¹, Arash Roshanineshat¹, Helge Rottmann⁸, Alan L Roy⁸, Chet Ruszczyk⁴, Benjamin R Ryan^{77

78}, Kazi L J Rygl⁶², Salvador Sánchez⁷⁹, David Sánchez-Arguelles^{48

80}, Mahito Sasada^{31

81}, Tuomas Savolainen^{8

82

83}, F Peter Schloerb⁷⁰, Karl-Friedrich Schuster¹⁶, Lijing Shao^{8

46}, Zhiqiang Shen^{28

29}, Des Small⁵⁴, Bong Won Sohn^{18

19

84}, Jason SooHoo⁴, Fumie Tazaki³¹, Remo P J Tilanus^{1

17

42

85}, Michael Titus⁴, Pablo Torne^{8

79}, Tyler Trent¹, Efthalia Traianou⁸, Sascha Trippe⁸⁶, Ilse van Bemmel⁵⁴, Huib Jan van Langevelde^{54

87}, Daniel R van Rossum¹⁷, Jan Wagner⁸, John Wardle⁸⁸, Derek Ward-Thompson⁸⁹, Jonathan Weintroub^{6

12}, Norbert Wex⁸, Robert Wharton⁸, Maciek Wielgus^{6

12}, George N Wong^{40

77}, Qingwen Wu⁹⁰, Doosoo Yoon²⁷, André Young¹⁷, Ken Young¹², Ziri Younsi^{34

91}, Feng Yuan^{28

43

92}, Ye-Fei Yuan⁹³, Shan-Shan Zhao^{17

60}; EHT Collaboration

Affiliations

¹ Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
² School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.
³ National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA.
⁴ Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, Massachusetts 01886, USA.
⁵ National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan.
⁶ Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
⁷ Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain.
⁸ Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
⁹ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
¹⁰ Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
¹¹ Observatori Astronmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain.
¹² Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
¹³ East Asian Observatory, 660 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA.
¹⁴ Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA), P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁵ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA.
¹⁶ Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France.
¹⁷ Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands.
¹⁸ Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea.
¹⁹ University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
²⁰ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
²¹ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
²² Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
²³ Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
²⁴ Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
²⁵ Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
²⁶ Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
²⁷ Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
²⁸ Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China.
²⁹ Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China.
³⁰ Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden.
³¹ Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan.
³² Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan.
³³ Dipartimento di Fisica "E. Pancini," Universitá di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Università di Monte Sant'Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
³⁴ Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
³⁵ INFN Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Università di Monte Sant'Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
³⁶ Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0083, South Africa.
³⁷ Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
³⁸ LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France.
³⁹ JILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
⁴⁰ Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
⁴² Leiden Observatory-Allegro, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
⁴³ Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China.
⁴⁴ NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, Netherlands.
⁴⁵ Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
⁴⁶ Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
⁴⁷ Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
⁴⁸ Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla, Puebla, México.
⁴⁹ Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
⁵⁰ Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
⁵¹ Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskij pr., 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
⁵² Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Onatrio, N2L 2Y5, Canada.
⁵³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
⁵⁴ Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
⁵⁵ California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
⁵⁶ Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering, Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan.
⁵⁷ Physics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, Republic of China.
⁵⁸ NSF's National Optical Astronomy Research Observatory, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA.
⁵⁹ Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
⁶⁰ School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
⁶¹ Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
⁶² Italian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
⁶³ Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sect. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617 Taiwan, Republic of China.
⁶⁴ Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.
⁶⁵ Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China.
⁶⁶ Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, People's Republic of China.
⁶⁷ Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA) Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁶⁸ Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
⁶⁹ Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepci0n, Chile.
⁷⁰ Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, 01003 Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷¹ Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada.
⁷² Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada.
⁷³ Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada.
⁷⁴ Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
⁷⁵ Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
⁷⁶ Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA.
⁷⁷ CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
⁷⁸ Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
⁷⁹ Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20 E-18012, Granada, Spain.
⁸⁰ Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940 Ciudad de México, México.
⁸¹ Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
⁸² Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
⁸³ Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland.
⁸⁴ Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁸⁵ Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, Netherlands.
⁸⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
⁸⁷ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
⁸⁸ Physics Department, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA.
⁸⁹ Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom.
⁹⁰ School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China.
⁹¹ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, United Kingdom.
⁹² School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.
⁹³ Astronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.

PMID: 33064506
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.141104

Gravitational Test beyond the First Post-Newtonian Order with the Shadow of the M87 Black Hole

Dimitrios Psaltis et al. Phys Rev Lett. 2020.

. 2020 Oct 2;125(14):141104.

doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.141104.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
² School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.
³ National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA.
⁴ Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, Massachusetts 01886, USA.
⁵ National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan.
⁶ Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
⁷ Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain.
⁸ Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
⁹ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
¹⁰ Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
¹¹ Observatori Astronmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain.
¹² Center for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
¹³ East Asian Observatory, 660 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA.
¹⁴ Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA), P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁵ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA.
¹⁶ Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France.
¹⁷ Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands.
¹⁸ Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea.
¹⁹ University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
²⁰ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
²¹ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
²² Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
²³ Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
²⁴ Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
²⁵ Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
²⁶ Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
²⁷ Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
²⁸ Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China.
²⁹ Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China.
³⁰ Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden.
³¹ Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan.
³² Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan.
³³ Dipartimento di Fisica "E. Pancini," Universitá di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Università di Monte Sant'Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
³⁴ Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
³⁵ INFN Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Università di Monte Sant'Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
³⁶ Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0083, South Africa.
³⁷ Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
³⁸ LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France.
³⁹ JILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
⁴⁰ Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
⁴² Leiden Observatory-Allegro, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
⁴³ Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China.
⁴⁴ NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, Netherlands.
⁴⁵ Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
⁴⁶ Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
⁴⁷ Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
⁴⁸ Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla, Puebla, México.
⁴⁹ Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
⁵⁰ Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
⁵¹ Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskij pr., 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
⁵² Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Onatrio, N2L 2Y5, Canada.
⁵³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
⁵⁴ Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
⁵⁵ California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
⁵⁶ Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering, Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan.
⁵⁷ Physics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, Republic of China.
⁵⁸ NSF's National Optical Astronomy Research Observatory, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA.
⁵⁹ Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
⁶⁰ School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
⁶¹ Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
⁶² Italian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
⁶³ Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sect. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617 Taiwan, Republic of China.
⁶⁴ Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.
⁶⁵ Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China.
⁶⁶ Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, People's Republic of China.
⁶⁷ Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA) Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁶⁸ Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
⁶⁹ Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepci0n, Chile.
⁷⁰ Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, 01003 Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷¹ Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada.
⁷² Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada.
⁷³ Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada.
⁷⁴ Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
⁷⁵ Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
⁷⁶ Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA.
⁷⁷ CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
⁷⁸ Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
⁷⁹ Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20 E-18012, Granada, Spain.
⁸⁰ Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940 Ciudad de México, México.
⁸¹ Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
⁸² Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
⁸³ Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland.
⁸⁴ Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁸⁵ Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, Netherlands.
⁸⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
⁸⁷ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
⁸⁸ Physics Department, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA.
⁸⁹ Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom.
⁹⁰ School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China.
⁹¹ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, United Kingdom.
⁹² School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.
⁹³ Astronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.

PMID: 33064506
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.141104

Abstract

The 2017 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of the central source in M87 have led to the first measurement of the size of a black-hole shadow. This observation offers a new and clean gravitational test of the black-hole metric in the strong-field regime. We show analytically that spacetimes that deviate from the Kerr metric but satisfy weak-field tests can lead to large deviations in the predicted black-hole shadows that are inconsistent with even the current EHT measurements. We use numerical calculations of regular, parametric, non-Kerr metrics to identify the common characteristic among these different parametrizations that control the predicted shadow size. We show that the shadow-size measurements place significant constraints on deviation parameters that control the second post-Newtonian and higher orders of each metric and are, therefore, inaccessible to weak-field tests. The new constraints are complementary to those imposed by observations of gravitational waves from stellar-mass sources.

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Gravitational Test beyond the First Post-Newtonian Order with the Shadow of the M87 Black Hole

Affiliations

Gravitational Test beyond the First Post-Newtonian Order with the Shadow of the M87 Black Hole

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

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