Prevalence of perinatal depression and its determinants in Mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Perinatal depression is a maternal mental health condition that is associated with various adverse health outcomes both for the mothers and the babies. The study aim was to estimate the prevalence of perinatal depression and its risks and determinants in Mainland China.

Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in 10 major databases and random effect meta-analysis was performed to achieve the pooled variance of perinatal depression. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on region, scale, methods of diagnosis and study design. Meta-regression was performed with the variables such as age, quality assessment score and gross domestic product (GDP) of the province.

Results: Pooled prevalence of perinatal depression was 16.3% (CI=95%; 14.7% to 18.2%, P < 0.001), with antenatal depression 19.7% (CI=95%; 15.8% to 24.2%, P < 0.001) and postnatal depression 14.8% (CI=95%; 13.1% to 16.6%, P < 0.001). Significant publication bias was found and heterogeneity was I²= 98.13%. Lower socioeconomic status, poor physical health, anxiety about pregnancy and reduced social support were major risk factors while better living conditions and higher level of education were protective factors. The prevalence of perinatal depression showed a significant increasing trend in the last decade.

Limitations: The review does not include studies with small sample size (n <250). Moreover a narrative review of risk and protective factors was done, these were not included in meta-analysis.

Conclusion: The prevalence of perinatal depression in China is similar to low and middle-income countries. Urgent attention is needed to address this public health priority in China.

Keywords: China; Maternal mental health; Perinatal depression; Prevalence; Risk factors.